N. Fowleri Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

N. Fowleri Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Recorded Aspect: Naegleria Fowleri (N. Fowleri ) is a free living, thermophilic protozoan that is a human explicit pathogen that assaults the focal sensory system. It very well may be found in debased freshwater sources. It enters through the nose and goes to the cerebrum causing essential amoebic meningoencephalitis1. It was first seen in 1899 and later named after Dr. M. Fowler, who watched the primary detailed deadly instances of intense pyogenic meningitis in Australia in 19652. While these contaminations have been recognized as ahead of schedule as the nineteenth century it is trying to distinguish in light of the fact that it impersonates a large number of the side effects of bacterial meningitis[1]. Essential amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a necrotizing and hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis3. The manifestations start 1-9 days after the beginning of disease these indications incorporate fever, sickness, cerebral pain and heaving. The underlying side effects imitate those of bacterial meningitis, the later side effects are interesting to this illness. Later manifestations incorporate neck firmness, mind flights, seizures, a failure to center, absence of parity and in the end extreme lethargies and passing. The death rate for this sickness is 95%. The illness advances rapidly and prompts passing inside 12 days of the underlying infection1. While this disease has a high death rate, it is uncommon. There have been 300 revealed instances of PAM worldwide in the last 40 years4. Note this molded is frequently misdiagnosed so these numbers are gauges. In the United States there have been 138 cases in the last 50 years1. This contamination was at one time a condition that tormented creating nations yet the rate is spreading everywhere throughout the world. Analysts presume that the expanded temperatures because of a worldwide temperature alteration, expanded utilization of open water sources because of shortage and a general increment in sea-going recreational exercises are to blame3,18. While swimming and other sea-going recreational exercises help multiply this sickness do as well ceremonies. Aga Khan University in Pakistan saw an expanded number of passings brought about by PAM in youthful guys that had no history of swimming, however were ardent Muslims. The individuals who practice this confidence ask five times each day and before each supplication, they perform bathing, bathing is the washing of the hands, face, ears, nose, mouth, arms and feet. While purifying the nose, water is constrained up the nose putting people playing out this training with deficiently filtered water at a more serious hazard for PAM3. Strict celebrations like the Kumbh Mela where Hindus assemble and swim in the Ganges waterway put the individuals who take an interest in danger of creating maladies like PAM brought about by N. Fowleri 3. Notwithstanding strict practices, remedial mediations like the Neti pot increment the danger of PAM. Nasal water system frameworks like the Neti pot wo rk to ease the side effects of sinusitis and cold. It works by expelling trash and bodily fluid from the nasal entries. The suggestion is that the water ought to be bubbled or blended in with a non-ionized sodium chloride. Essential structure: N. Fowleri are a piece of the free living one-celled critter that cause diseases in the focal sensory system. A portion of different protists are Acanthamoeba spp and Balamuthia mandrillas. Naegleria fowleri have been characterized by current strategies which break down morphology, biochemical pathway and atomic phylogeny2. The advanced methodology characterizes N. Fowleri as a piece of the super gathering Excavata, in the gathering Heterolobosea and a piece of the family Vahlkampfiidae. In spite of the fact that the genome for N. Fowleri isn't yet finished there are a few examinations creating data about its sub-atomic and hereditary qualities. N. Fowleri s class incorporates in excess of 40 species, however N. Fowleri is the one in particular that is known to cause malady in people. De Jonckheere made the most well known distinguishing proof framework for N. Fowleri . The recognizable proof framework utilizes hereditary markers like inside translated spacers (ITS1) and 5.8S rDNA 2. This distinguishing proof framework uncovered in any event 8 distinct genotypes. The genotypes are scattered among various landmasses America (I,II,III), Europe (III,IV,V,VI,VIII), Oceania (V), and Asia (II,III). Of the eight genotypes just four have been found in people, types 1-42. Naegleria are a piece of the gathering heteroloboseans that have a three-staged lifecycle. They are first single adaptable cell, at that point flog and ultimately growth formation5. N. Fowleri replicates in the one-celled critter structure through paired parting to create the blister and the whip structures. The whole cell cycle is 8 hours, N. Fowleri goes through 28 minutes in M stage, 180 minutes in G1, 183 minutes in S stage, and an hour and a half in G22. In the single adaptable cell structure, the trophozoite extends in size from 15-25 Â µm. Trophozoites additionally have cytoplasmic projections called food cups which permit phagocytosis of microscopic organisms, yeast, erythrocytes and cell squander. Trophozoites are the type of the single adaptable cell that can take care of and separate, they are additionally the structure that enter the human host6.Trophozoites will change into the flog stage in the wake of being presented to a saline solution2. The lashes can't take care o f or isolate, the progress additionally includes an adjustment fit as a fiddle from pleomorphic to pear molded with a couple of flagella. The flagella have the run of the mill 9+2 structure and are encircled by a cytoplasmic layer. The 9+2 flagella structure depicts the cross-sectional course of action of microtubules that make up the flagella. There are nine doublet external tubules and two focal singlet tubules7. The growth structure is impervious to most purification. The sore development is round, smooth, twofold walled and refractive. They measure about 20â µm. The material of the sore divider is incorporated and bundled by the harsh endoplasmic reticulum2. Course of Transmission: N. Fowleri is a thermophilic one-celled critter, its ideal temperature ranges from 1150 to 1220 F. N. Fowleri can regularly be found in warm freshwater like lakes and waterways, warm water from modern parks, or insufficiently artificially rewarded water, other warm water sources like water radiators and soil. In their regular habitat N.Fowleri phagocytize cyanobacteria and eubacteria to direct levels. Tests from the pools of the southern United States uncover that N. Fowleri introphozoite formis present throughout the mid year. Throughout the winter months N. Fowleri in growth structure make due in freshwater sources, however no type of N. Fowleri can withstand frigid temperatures1 . Most instances of PAM are brought about by swimming in warm freshwater, from drinking water, recreational exercises, custom abulation and sinus water system systems1. Disease happens when water containing N. Fowleri gets into the nose. The one-celled critter enters the nose and goes along the olfactory nerve, through a hard plate in the skull called the cribriform plate3. When it arrives at the cerebrum it causes meningoencephalitis, cerebral edema and results in herniation. The olfactory bulbs and orbitofrontal cortices become necrotic and hemorrhagic. The information on the two people and mice bolster the end that passing is at last brought about by expanded intracranial weight and herniation3. Swimming in water containing N. Fowleri expands the hazard for PAM yet age and sex are likewise chance variables. From the 1962-2015 there have been 138 announced instances of PAM in the United States, 114 of the cases have been youngsters around the age of 12. About 75% of the contaminations have influenced males1. Certain practices are related with an expanded danger of contamination, those tainted people announced taking an interest in water related exercises like swimming, plunging and head dunking1. In spite of the fact that N. Fowleri can be transmitted through water it can't be transmitted through vaporizers or beads, or by means of individual to individual contact. N. Fowleri can be found in different organs of the body, for example, the heart, lung, spleen and thyroid1. Pathogenesis: N. Fowleri enter the human host through the nose which gives access to the mind. Inside eight hours of contamination N. Fowleri is available in the bodily fluid layer of the olfactory epithelium. Inside 24 hours N. Fowleri are in the olfactory bulb and present in the cribriform plate. By 96 hours neutrophil polymorphs cause an extreme fiery reaction in the olfactory bulb which prompts mind tissue damage3. Contact subordinate instruments are N. Fowleri intervened pathogenic procedures. The essential component of pathogenesis in N. Fowleri is attachment. Bond considers development and chemotaxis in the nasal mucosa and helps N. Fowleri with ailment movement. Adhesins are communicated on the outside of N. Fowleri, the adhesins are integrin like proteins encompassed by bond like structures. Fibronectin restricting protein, protein kinase C and NFa1 are critical to interfering with the host intervened cytotoxicity3. In an analysis testing cytopathicity of N. Fowleri, a culture would tie to Fibronectin and in the nearness protein kinase C the capacity of the single adaptable cell to follow increased8. N. Fowleri likewise delivers Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which harm the host cell. Following cell harm, N. Fowleri utilizes phagocytosis and amoebastomes to help N. Fowleri in separating and devouring the phones through a sucker structure on its surface. These procedures are intervened by me ans of actin and include the polymerization of monomeric G-actin and filamentous F-actin. Studies have discovered that a film protein Mp2CL5 may likewise assume a job in pathogenicity, without this protein N.Fowleri are nonpathogenic3 .This protein is suspected to help in pathogenicity by exploring the earth, and development toward food sources9. Notwithstanding contact subordinate components of pathogenicity, N.Fowleri likewise uses contact autonomous instruments. N-PFP is a cytolytic pore framing protein that depolarizes the cell film and diminishes the honesty. Naegleriapores An and B are pore shaping polypeptides that are fundamentally the same as in structure and capacity. Both are antimicrobial and cytolytic polypeptides3. The compounds phospholipase

Debt in the firms balance sheets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obligation in the organizations asset reports - Essay Example The paper presents common offers that can be essentially characterized as offers which are not favored offers and which don't offer fixed profit sums. As Nevin states, a common offer straightforwardly demonstrates value possession in an organization and it qualifies the proprietor for casting a ballot rights in different significant issues of the organization in relation to their level of shareholding. Normal investors are qualified for get profits on their venture just on the off chance that anything left after all liabilities are paid. Conversely, obligation is a commitment owed by one gathering (indebted person) to another gathering (bank). In the event of obligations, loan specialists have no rights on the firm’s activities and can't partake in deciding major vital issues. Associations and organizations over the world use obligation to back their everyday activities and other specific undertakings. The degrees of obligation are key macroeconomic information and it they to a great extent shift from organization to organization. By and large, levels and streams of open obligation are given focal significance while levels and streams of private obligation are not considered as a significant reason for concern. Stocks and streams are two significant apparatuses of obligation estimating. Stocks are levels of obligation and they have units of cash though streams change paying off debtors levels and have units of money/time. All credit is obligation and it is made by loan specialists who consent to loan cash for the trading of satisfactory future returns. Lundgren mirrors that the measure of cash loaned is viewed as the advantage of the leaser while it turns into the risk of the borrower. Obligation is regularly given alongside a particular reimbursement plan; and the obligation development time or time of reimbursement may run from a couple of days to 50 years or more. As indicated by the development time frame, obligation is ordered into three classes, fo r example, present moment, medium term, and long haul obligation. So as to precisely compute absolute obligation of a business, it is important to consider wobbly sheet obligation as all obligation things may not appear on the monetary record. As Shearn (2011, p. 116) states, these obligation things may incorporate rent commitments, guarantees, buy contracts, unfunded annuity liabilities and some other legally binding commitment. Nonetheless, this sort of obligation is commonly unveiled in the commentaries appended to the fiscal reports. White, Sondhi and Fried (2006, p. 323) demonstrates that the risk sum appeared on the monetary record may not generally speak to add up to income required to meet the obligation. Business houses just record the current estimation of things to come income. To delineate, if a firm obtains $1,000 at a loan fee of 12%, aggregate sum payable toward the finish of that period becomes $1,120. Nonetheless, the accounting report will just speak to the current estimation of things to come installment or $1,000. Components influencing levels of obligation As Crane, Knoop, and Pettigrew (1977) bring up, various firms have changing systems in keeping up their obligation levels and this vital contrasts cause obligation level fluctuations in firms’ monetary records. A firm considers a variety of variables before encircling its obligation level systems. In the expressions of Long and Ravenscraft (1993), no firm would permit its obligation level to develop past its reimbursement limit as this condition may unfavorably influence the practicality and market notoriety of the business. All the more absolutely, a firm’s obligation level vigorously relies upon its getting approaches. â€Å"Tthe ability to obtain relies upon a few factors, for example, gainfulness, dependability, relative size, resource rivalry, and the business position of a business† (Shearn, 2011, p.115). Hart (1995, p. 142) contends that productivity assumes a significant job in deciding the obligation level of a business house. General patterns demonstrate that degree of obligation will be in an

Argument Essay Housemaids Impacts On The Society Of The UAE Essay

Argument Essay Housemaids Impacts On The Society Of The UAE Essay Argument Essay: Housemaids Impacts On The Society Of The UAE â€" Essay Example > Housemaids Impact on the Society of the UAEIntroductionThe discovery of oil in the UAE in the recent years has resulted to tremendous growth and development within the region. It has made UAE undergo enormous changes in different areas of economic development. The traditional life style of women as housekeepers and child bearing has disappeared. This is because the position of Emirati females has become strong. According to Ehrenreich and Arlie (2003) mmodern women go to colleges and have learned and acquired knowledge essential in the attainment of employment in both government and private sectors. As a consequence, the need for nannies and housemaids has increased in the UAE society as women no longer stay at home to take care of children and perform other household chores. Regardless of the fact that nannies and housemaids assist UAE’s women in upbringing children and performing other house duties, it has led to several problems and challenges for the family, children and the society as a whole. Whilst it is impractical for parents to spend all time with their kids, it is vital for them to understand that when they leave these children with housemaids and nannies for so long, they are co-parenting with these helpers. Even when parents are present at home, overworking usually make them have limited attention, energy and time for their children. This is viewed as a form of child neglect which has turned out to be pandemic in the UAE society. The presence of nannies and housemaids in the UAE has necessitated the government to establish a nanny or maid visa to enable them reside in the Emirati (Roumani, 2005). Effects of Housemaids and nannies in the UAE societyEstablishmentHousemaid and nannies have led to establishment agencies and recruit childcare givers and nannies. The majestic nannies is a Middle East based agency that offers online services direct from its offices in Abu Dhabi and its novel 2011 London office. Majestic nannies agency specializes i n recruitment of highly experience and qualified childcare professionals. The services of this agency are unique as it has dual offices which enable it to help both nannies and families in superior ways. Whilst utilizing modern technology in the recruitment processes, the agency is able to maintain personal touch and ensure every placement id tailored to the needs of the family. As a professional company, Majestic Nannies is committed to safety of children and follows the federation of recruitment and employment services’ code of practice. Majestic Nannies (2010) observe that the recruitment is through and each candidate is interviewed and references verifies. There is also an inclusion of the criminal background check to ensure that the recruited nannies are of good conduct (Pearce, 2003). Another organization involved in the recruitment of housemaids and nannies is the Nannies Dubai. This organization is an authorized domestic department of Gulf human resource solutions FZE th at provides specialized HR services to both companies and individuals throughout the United Arab Emirates. Dubai Nannies focuses on the recruitment of English speaking live-in nannies, caregiver nurses and governesses in the household of expat s working and living in UAE. Dubai Nannies team is devoted to offering families with quality candidates who they will be capable to incorporate into their homes. According to Pearce (2003), Dubai Nannies agency provides a huge selection of foreign professionals who have undergone careful screening to make sure that they meet the needs of the client. The agency’s professional consultant speaks with the clients so as to understand their personal needs and to tailor the agency’s approach to assisting clients find a high calibre nanny. The agency views the selection procedure a vital step in solving the domestic service needs of the clients.

The Elementary School Sex Education Debate Essay - 823 Words

Grade School Sex Ed. 1 The Elementary School Sexual Education Debate Sara Vanbuskirk English Comp. 1 Professor Evans November 29, 2011 Grade School Sex Ed. 2 Abstract Controversy is rampant regarding the sexual education of grade school children. Some insist that it is prudent to educate children on this subject beginning as early as kindergarten. Others strongly disagree that earlier education has any effect at all on teen sex and pregnancy and, therefore, abstinence should be the focus. Lastly, we have those who believe advocating abstinence is appropriate, but agree that a more in depth sexual education is also necessary for those who are going to have sex anyway despite our best efforts to teach them otherwise.†¦show more content†¦By exposing students to more comprehensive information Grade School Sex Ed. 4 from an early age, and continuing the education throughout their teen years, students are aware of their choices and more importantly, aware of how to protect themselves. There are many states that do not provide the kind of sex education that New Jersey strives to convey to its students. It more often than not ties in with the religious right proclaiming that students are too young to be exposed to sexual material, and thus sexualized as a result. These fundamental groups oppose any suggestion towards a comprehensive approach. Instead, they ask that their children be taught after grade school and additionally, they steer towards ‘abstinence-only’ education. Instead of teaching students how to protect themselves, they teach that the only way to protect oneself is by abstaining from sex. The problem arises, then, when these students decide to have sex. They are unaware of how to conduct themselves responsibly, how to take precautions to prevent against unwanted pregnancy and disease. What kind of ‘education’ are students receiving when they are withheld crucial information? 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Examples of Images in Poetry, Fiction, and Nonfiction

An image is a representation in words of a sensory experience or of a person, place, or object that can be known by one or more of the senses.   In his book The Verbal Icon (1954), critic W.K. Wimsatt, Jr., observes that the verbal image which most fully realizes its verbal capacities is that which is not merely a bright picture (in the usual modern meaning of the term image) but also an interpretation of reality in its metaphoric and symbolic dimensions. Examples Far beyond her, a door standing ajar gave on what appeared to be a moonlit gallery but was really an abandoned, half-demolished, vast reception room with a broken outer wall, zigzag fissures in the floor, and a vast ghost of a gaping grand piano emitting, as if all by itself, spooky glissando twangs in the middle of the night.(Vladimir Nabokov, Ada, or Ardor: A Family Chronicle, 1969)In the shallows, the dark, water-soaked sticks and twigs, smooth and old, were undulating in clusters on the bottom against the clean ribbed sand, and the track of the mussel was plain. A school of minnows swam by, each minnow with its small individual shadow, doubling the attendance, so clear and sharp in the sunlight.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake. One Mans Meat, 1942)Mr. Jaffe, the salesman from McKesson Robbins, arrives, trailing two mists: winter steaminess and the animal fog of his cigar, which melts into the coffee smell, the tarpaper smell, the eerie honeyed tangled drugstore smell.(Cynthia Ozick, A Drugstore in Winter. Art Ardor, 1983)That woman sitting on the stoop of an old brownstone house, her fat white knees spread apart—the man pushing the white brocade of his stomach out of a cab in front of a great hotel—the little man sipping root beer at a drugstore counter—the woman leaning over a stained mattress on the sill of a tenement window—the taxi driver parked on a corner—the lady with orchids, drunk at the table of a sidewalk cafe—the toothless woman selling chewing gum—the man in shirt sleeves, leaning against the door of a poolroom—they are my masters.(Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead. Bobbs Merrill, 1943)I should have been a pair of ragged clawsScuttling across the floors of silent seas.(T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, 1917)The train moved away so slowly butterflies blew in and out of the windows. (Truman Capote, A Ride Through Spain. The Dogs Bark. Random House, 1973)It is time for the babys b irthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party. In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine.(Joan Didion, Going Home. Slouching Towards Bethlehem. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968He clasps the crag with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands.Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;He watches from his mountain walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.(Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The EagleAmong the strangest illusions which have passed like a haze before my eyes, the strangest one of all is the following: a shaggy mug of a lion looms before me, as the howling hour strikes. I see before me yellow mouths of sand, from which a rough woolen coat is calmly looking at me. And then I see a face, and a shout is heard: Lion is coming.(Andrei Bely, The LionThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals o n a wet, black bough.(Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro)[Eva] rolled up to the window and it was then she saw Hannah burning. The flames from the yard fire were licking the blue cotton dress, making her dance. Eva knew there was time for nothing in this world other than the time it took to get there and cover her daughters body with her own. She lifted her heavy frame up on her good leg, and with fists and arms smashed the windowpane. Using her stump as a support on the window sill, her good leg as a lever, she threw herself out of the window. Cut and bleeding she clawed the air trying to aim her body toward the flaming, dancing figure. She missed and came crashing down some twelve feet from Hannahs smoke. Stunned but still conscious, Eva dragged herself toward her firstborn, but Hannah, her senses lost, went flying out of the yard gesturing and bobbing like a sprung jack-in-the- box.(Toni Morrison, Sula. Knopf, 1973[In] summer the granite curbs starred with mica and the row hou ses differentiated by speckled bastard sidings and the hopeful small porches with their jigsaw brackets and gray milk-bottle boxes and the sooty ginkgo trees and the banking curbside cars wince beneath a brilliance like a frozen explosion.(John Updike, Rabbit Redux, 1971) Observations Images are not arguments, rarely even lead to proof, but the mind craves them, and, of late more than ever.(Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 1907)In general, emotional words, to be effective, must not be solely emotional. What expresses or stimulates emotions directly, without the intervention of an image or concept, expresses or stimulates it feebly.(C.S. Lewis, Studies in Words, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1967) Images in Nonfiction ​Instinctively, we go to our store of private images and associations for our authority to speak of these weighty issues. We find, in our details and broken and obscured images, the language of symbol. Here memory impulsively reaches out its arms and embraces imagination. That is the resort to invention. It isnt a lie, but an act of necessity, as the innate urge to locate personal truth always is. (Patricia Hampl, Memory and Imagination. I Could Tell You Stories: Sojourns in the Land of Memory. W.W. Norton, 1999)In creative nonfiction you almost always have the choice of writing the summary (narrative) form, the dramatic (scenic) form, or some combination of the two. Because the dramatic method of writing provides the reader with a closer imitation of life than summary ever could, creative nonfiction writers frequently choose to write scenically. The writer wants vivid images to transfer into the mind of the reader after all, the strength of scenic writing lies in its ability to evoke sensual images. A scene is not some anonymous narrators report about what happened some time in the past; instead, it gives the feeling that the action is unfolding before the reader. (Theodore A. Rees Cheney, Writing Creative Nonfiction: Fiction Techniques for Crafting Great Nonfiction. Ten Speed Press, 2001)

Whatever They Told You About Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Is Dead Wrong...And Heres Why

Whatever They Told You About Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why So How About Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade? It turned out to be a lengthy procedure for courtship, he explained. Some even spend over 30 minutes merely to drink this new fad. Additionally, it says why they don't like spicy salsa. The meal that I would love to get all day long. A fast look at the beverage menu is sufficient to pique one's curiosity. If you're thinking of adopting a pet, you may consider picking a dog or a cat. For starters, it ought to be something you're passionate about. Locate the testing technique that most fits your thinking style and practice it over and over until it's perfected. Seeing rhetorical analysis in action is just one of the greatest methods to understand it. Moreover, certain passages could possibly be accompanied by images, and questions inquiring about the association between these images and the written information. A simile is a means to compare two unique things employing the connecting words like or as to be able to make an intriguing connection in the readers mind. Something to consider! Companies will need to understand that their customers are not just different from one another, but are also different from themselves at unique times. People have various needs when they're at work and if they are at home or socializing. All the Places to Love by Patricia MacLachlan inside this text she's giving a great deal of examples of why he adores these places. Support your opinion with three or more strong explanations. Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade and Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade - The Perfect Combination There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. It is not the best choice because it is misspelled. Besides leadin g to the last choice to get a product, consumer promotions programs can be quite helpful in bringing traffic into a shop and generating brand loyalty. In the last few years, vending machines and junk food has been taken away from school cafeterias in order to give healthier food for students. Marketers then utilize other tactics in combination with advertising programs. In developing the product strategy, they strive for the right mix of promotional elements to make sure that their product is well received. Whispered Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Secrets Going to school is similar to having a complete time job. Snowboarding is an enjoyable activity and ought to be promoted by the schools. Math is everywhere, including in that which we do every single day. To get ready for the demands of middle school and higher school writing, fifth graders ought to be mastering skills necessary for strong nonfiction writing. The Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade Pitfall Particularly, the study intends to answer the next sub issue. On the surface, the STAAR Writing Test may appear to be a tricky test to get ready for. Locate your preferred testing procedure. Start now, and receive a head start for the two tests! High school isn't free in Kenya. It's also a terrific way to lower any anxiety your little one could have about this test. This will both sharpen your kid's skill and help her or him perform better under pressure. The STAAR is a significant test that could influence and shape your kid's future academic improvement. Just take a position about how to devote the money. Opinion Essay Student Samples 4th Grade - the Conspiracy Kibin editors are almost always prepared to provide help. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at the moment! Posted they need to be in a position to identify them in anchor papers. Writing a rhetorical analysis essay may seem to be a daunting undertaking. So you need to compose a bibliography. Use this instance of a persuasive essay to dissect and determine the sections of this genre. How to compose an expository essay.

Sustaining Organizational Performance of Apple Inc †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Sustaining Organizational Performance of Apple Inc. Answer: Introduction Apple is one of the most successful organizations in the area of Information Technology and Mobile Phone industry. It is an American multinational corporation which has started its business operations in the year 1976 with personal computers only. The organization was founded by Mike Markkula, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. With the passage of time, Apple has expanded its business operations in offering many products such as hardware, software, digital distribution, consumer electronics and online services (Apple Inc. 2017). This firm used and managed a global supply chain with innovative development in United States. Moreover, it outsourced manufacturing in Asia and product-parts sourced from its suppliers worldwide. This report is prepared to answer the questions given in the case study. The case study shows the global supply chain process of Apple. The below report includes the critical analysis of supply chain challenges which are faced by Apple. There is the discussion about the benefits and limitations of sourcing strategies in context of Apple Organization. Furthermore, it includes the performance objectives which Apples suppliers expected to meet. To become a market leader, Apple needs to focus on its supply chain management and sourcing strategies. The organization should make efforts to deal with the limitations of sourcing strategies so that it can provide the products on time with highest quality components. Critical Analysis of Supply Chain Challenges However, Apple Inc. has managed its global supply chain with creative development in United States and other nations. The organization has adopted various supply chain strategies to deliver its products to final customers. Still, the organization has faced various challenges in the area of global supply chain. The organization should make efforts to overcome these challenges by implementing some effective strategies. One of the major challenges of the organization is the new product development at Apple (Richard, 2014). The development of new series of iPhone seems to be saturated in recent times. The products of Apple are popular for made by assembling several components which are availed from different suppliers. Manufacturing new major product means that there will be need of large number of components for the production. It has made supply chain network of Apple more extensive and management more complex. The given case shows that market research indicated that there were some qu ality defects in suppliers parts of iPhones. This is because Apple has less focus on its research and development division (Marucheck, et al, 2011). Apple has made efforts to add new technology and design in its new version and products. The followers of company are expecting more technology breakthrough in new products. It has affected the sales growth of iPhone and declining rate of products is high. The organization is unable to ensure its production capacity and order volume with the suppliers. In addition to this, the organization has faced the challenges in managing sustainable relationships with new or existing suppliers (Wallace, Hill, 2011). It secures the supply of components to meet the market demand by buying a large volume of parts from its suppliers with the prepayment. It is very difficult for the suppliers to get the orders from other customers. Thus, suppliers have become dependent on the order of Apple to generate more profits (Slack, 2015). With this prepayment, Apples suppliers have higher pressure to provide the components with Just-in-Time production process. They have realized a slim profit from this company so suppliers changed their attitudes. Due to this, some of the suppliers have declined the orders of Apple to manage their independence. Just-in-Time supply chain of Apple placed a burden on the suppliers shoulders (Jacobs, Chase, Lummus, 2014). Delay in the components supply had an adverse impact on the inventory projections of Apple. Moreover, Apple has faced the challenge in maintaining its brand image. The organization has been alleged of cooperating with the factories in its upstream supply chain. Because of its Just-in-Time production, immediate order or changes in requirements, the phone assembler may need their employees to work overtime for fulfilling the needs of Apple (Chamberlain, 2011). The supply chain of Apple is managed in such a way that it led the organization to higher cost of production. The organization is continuously making efforts to minimize the production costs, but it still has higher production cost in comparison to its competing brands such as Samsung, Nokia etc. Apart from above challenges, other challenges are such as organization is very much dependent on logistical services which are offered by outsourced suppliers. There may be possibility that these suppliers can offer the lower quality of materials and products. It relies on its partners to comply with the code of conduct of supp liers (Kozlenkova, et al, 2015). Thus, the organization has to make some improvements in its supply chain so that it can minimize the costs. It needs to review its transportation model and procurement strategy to lower the transportation and order costs. Additionally, Apple may reuse the components in reverse logistic system to minimize the costs. Sourcing Strategies Sourcing strategy is a method of supply chain management which reinforces the way in which data is collected and used so that a company can leverage its buying power to get best values in market. It is a process which enhances and re-evaluates the purchasing activities of an organization. It optimizes the supply base of company, enhances efficiency and reduces the costs. The organization implements sourcing strategies by evaluating patterns of spending, describing needs and aligning the requirements of company with market capabilities. As per the given case, Apple is one of the organizations that have adopted sourcing strategies to enhance its supply chain process (Jia, et al, 2017). These strategies have both benefits and limitations to the company and its supply chain management process. These benefits and limitations of sourcing strategies to Apple are stated below; Benefits In context of sourcing strategies, Steve Jobs stated that it was not due to cheap labor in Asian nations, but these factories can manufacture faster with large scale and flexibility. The organization has various outsourced suppliers. One of the major suppliers of the company is Foxconn. It assisted this organization in manufacturing thousands of iPhones in a day and lowered the labor costs. In addition to this, Apple had various benefits of sourcing strategies for supply chain management. One of the significant benefits is the risk diversification as multiple suppliers assisted the company to react faster to issues and disruptions. By adopting sourcing strategies, the organization was able to increase its production capacity. As per the case, the demand of Apples products is increasing continuously, specifically from India and China (Meeken, 2013). Outsourcing the production from Foxconn assisted Apple in enhancing its capacity quickly to fulfill the demands of iPhones in market. Wit h several suppliers, the organization is able to increase bargaining leverage for maintaining the low costs and profitability. Thus, outsourcing helped the labor specialization and reallocation of the organization with multiple suppliers (Pearce, Robinson, 2011). Limitations Apart from these benefits, Apple Organization has some limitations or disadvantages of these sourcing strategies. In the beginning, the organization has outsourced from a single manufacturer that in turn created a risk to Apple as there may be shortage of specific parts of iPhones. In this way, it will lead to a delay in the manufacturing of the products. Sourcing from all over world can cause a risk of delay without on-time component production. The given case stated that Apple has been adopted outsourcing strategies to lower the cost of production, but it has caused another problem to the company i.e. quality control (Stadtler, 2015). This issue has increased the cost of inspection to Apple Inc. The outsourced suppliers were unable to provide the expected quality in the iPhones. The organization has conducted the audit of its products and found various quality defects in iPhones. In context of Apples outsourcing, it can be stated that outsourcing does not mean that company put all the responsibilities away. Thus, Apple has to take the responsibility and they should conduct regular audit of their suppliers. In this way, the organization has some limitation of sourcing strategies. To deal with these limitations, Apple needs to make investment in research and development division (Babin, Zikmund, 2015). First, it needs to enquire the suppliers and their image and then it should enter in partnership with those suppliers. It will be profitable for the growth and success of Apple Inc. in competitive business environment. Supplier Performance Objectives Suppliers play a significant role in effectiveness and success of supply chain management process of an organization. The suppliers work with an organization by establishing some performance objectives. In general, the suppliers work with the objective to decrease the purchase risks and exploit overall value of purchaser (Vaaland Heide, 2007). It includes analyzing the supplier quality, delivery performance, cost competitiveness and technological capability. Apple Inc. has used effective methods and strategies to attract the suppliers all over the world. At Apple Inc., the suppliers has established some performance objectives and expected to meet them. The major performance objectives of Apples suppliers are such as to minimize the cost of production for the organization, to maintain a better relationship with Apple and provide stable supply, to update the technology and manufacturing process for upgrading the iPhones and to provide better quality on reasonable prices. Suppliers of this company are accountable for quality of their services and supplies (Apple Inc., 2018). To maintain and enhance the higher quality for customers, the suppliers need to focus on effective quality management system. They should be loyal to the company and its production system. In addition to this, the suppliers of Apple are expecting to generate significant profits by supplying the components and other materials to Apples manufacturers. They are aimed to enhance the performance of Apple that assists its suppliers in achieving identification among manufacturers. They are competing on different factors other than price of materials only. As mentioned above, Apple is adopting Just-in-Time system for the production of iPhones so suppliers ensure that they have complete resource and material availability when organization needs. The suppliers at Apple are performing with the objective to increase the business and market share of Apple. They are striving to enhance the operational efficiencies to differentiate Apple from itself from competing brands. In addition to this, they are performing their responsibilities with the objective to offer the materials and components of reasonable prices that is favorable for both Apple and its suppliers itself (Mangan, Lalwan i, Lalwani, 2016). These performance objectives of suppliers are stated in the code of conduct of Apple Inc. The suppliers are making efforts to meet these performance objectives. Meeting these objectives successfully will be very effective and beneficial for the growth and success of Apples business. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Apple Inc. has maintained its top position in Information Technology and mobile phone industry. With the support of suppliers, the organization offers several products like iPad, iPhone, iPod, Apple TV, Smart watch etc. In addition to this, it provides online services like iOS app store, iTunes Store, iCloud, Mac App Store etc. Apple is successfully managing its global supply chain system and manufacturing products by using Just-in-Time process. The above report concludes that this company has faced some challenges under its supply chain process. However, it has faced various challenges but supply chain of Apple is not that much complex. To deal with these challenges, it has adopted sourcing strategies. These strategies are both advantageous and disadvantageous for companys growth and brand image. Apple has to emphasize on its research and development process and make investment in marketing research. To overcome the challenge of new product development, Apple can manage the product in better way and consider the current needs of potential customers by reviewing the old and returned iPhones. It should focus on developing more effective strategies to manage its suppliers and supply chain process. In this way, this organization will be able to manage and improve its supply chain management in global environment. References Apple Inc. (2017). About Apple Inc. Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/in/ on 26 March 2018. Apple Inc. (2018). Supplier Responsibility. Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/in/supplier-responsibility/ on 26 March 2018. Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015).Exploring marketing research. UK. Cengage Learning. Chamberlain, G. (2011). Apple's Chinese workers treated 'inhumanely, like machines. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/apr/30/apple-chinese-workers-treated-inhumanely on 26 March 2018. Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., Lummus, R. R. (2014).Operations and supply chain management(pp. 533-535). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Jia, F., Orzes, G., Sartor, M., Nassimbeni, G. (2017). Global sourcing strategy and structure: towards a conceptual framework.International Journal of Operations Production Management,37(7), 840-864. Kozlenkova, I. V., Hult, G. T. M., Lund, D. J., Mena, J. A., Kekec, P. (2015). The role of marketing channels in supply chain management.Journal of Retailing,91(4), 586-609. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., Lalwani, C. L. (2016).Global logistics and supply chain management. US. John Wiley Sons. Marucheck, A., Greis, N., Mena, C., Cai, L. (2011). Product safety and security in the global supply chain: Issues, challenges and research opportunities.Journal of Operations Management,29(7-8), 707-720. Meeken, Z. (2013). The Risks and Benefits of Outsourcing Supply Chain Management. Retrieved from https://www.business.org/software/supplier/the-risks-and-benefits-of-outsourcing-supply-chain-management/ on 26 March 2018. Pearce, JA., Robinson, RB. (2011). Strategic management: Formulation, implementation, and control. 12th edn. UK. McGraw Hill Higher Education. Richard. (2014). Apple INC.: Managing a Global Supply Chain. London. Ivey Publishing. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. US. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Berlin. Springer. Vaaland, T. I., Heide, M. (2007). Can the SME survive the supply chain challenges?.Supply chain management: an International Journal,12(1), 20-31. Wallace, W.L., Hill, C.A. (2011). Insights into the Strategic Sourcing Decision: Understanding Buyer-Supplier Relationships. Operations Management Education Review, 5, 69-88.

Procedures Involved in IT Resource Contingency Planning

Abstract IT resource planning contingency is key to curbing disruptions that result from various issues. Many firms are spending a lot of money to ensure that their computer systems are protected from interruptions. With regard to IT resource contingency plans, organizations should prepare adequately to deal with emergencies.  Seven steps are involved in IT contingency planning. It is important to note that each stage plays unique roles.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Procedures Involved in IT Resource Contingency Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Information technology (IT) is a vital element in the running of business establishments. IT provides computerized systems that are essential for efficient and effective management of organizations’ affairs without interruptions (Cerullo Cerullo, 2004). According to Cerullo and Cerullo (2004), contingency planning entails putting in place plans, methods, and technical measures that would help a system to work efficiently, especially when there is a disaster or an interruption. It focuses on increasing performance outcomes. However, IT systems are vulnerable to many disruptions, which can be reduced or eliminated. Such a plan is essential in exploring and preparing for emergencies. This is for the reason that it has procedures that should be followed in the event that disasters occur (Cerullo Cerullo, 2004). It is vital in assisting IT systems to be effective when storing and retrieving data. In fact, changing the location of IT systems and retrieving IT functions that utilize substituted tools are short-term measures that would be important in promoting the effectiveness of firms (Swanson, 2011). Therefore, with an increased number of cases that requires adequate preparation in the IT world, contingency planning becomes vital. This paper focuses on discussing issues and procedures that are involved in IT r esource contingency planning. In addition, it highlights the recommendations of planning in relation to IT resources. Statement of the problem High-quality goods and services are not only essential for improving health outcomes, but also a right for every citizen in a country. High-quality goods and services will only be provided if organizations utilize IT, which is key to the success of a business in a competitive business world (Swanson, 2011). This is because many activities can be performed digitally using modern technological platforms. Organizations focus on emerging technologies as the best solutions with regard to the provision of better services and production of high-quality goods (Swanson, 2011). To achieve these objectives, many companies utilize IT systems to assist them in data storage and retrieval (Swanson, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More M any firms employ IT for the efficient and effective performance of tasks. In addition, IT helps organizations to save time and reduce costs in relation to labor. Swanson (2011) argues that in the modern world, IT is considered instrumental in administration of firms, but for it to be effective, there must be preparations for contingencies in IT resources. It is evident that IT employment has made firms quality-oriented, making them produce excellent outcomes in the business environment (Swanson, 2011). Therefore, IT system contingencies should be planned to facilitate improvement in firms. Notably, IT systems have experienced failures due to power shortages and defects, rendering them unreliable (Stoneburner, Goguen Feringa, 2002). In view of this, there is an urgent need to plan for IT resource contingencies. Issues in IT resource contingency planning For effective and efficient application of IT in companies, there is a need to plan adequately to prepare IT resources to mitigate errors that could result from emergencies, such as power losses and other defects (Stoneburner et al., 2002). Moreover, it is important to understand that it would require adequate preparation. The first issue that would require planning is the disruption that would be caused by power losses (Stoneburner et al., 2002). Notably, when using IT devices, electricity is essential. In cases of losses, data are lost, especially when they have not been saved. Thus, it is prudent to prepare in order to reduce data losses in cases where power is disrupted. Another issue with regard to IT resource contingency planning is risk assessment (Stoneburner et al., 2002). This involves examining a threat that would affect performance outcomes of an organization before it negatively impacts it (Stoneburner et al., 2002). This measure aims at protecting an IT system from natural, human, and environmental problems. According Stoneburner and colleagues (2002), poor motivation is an issue that impacts cont ingency planning negatively in the IT sector. It is clear that this type of preparation is considered as plan B (an alternative) and, in most cases, priorities are given to plan A, which offers the required outcomes immediately (Stoneburner et al., 2002). Moreover, personnel within a firm, including managers, system administrators, information system security officers, system engineers, and architects, are vital in preparing when utilizing IT resources (Stoneburner et al., 2002). They are the ones who give commands to computers to perform their expected tasks.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Procedures Involved in IT Resource Contingency Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They should be equipped with relevant skills for operating IT devices (Stoneburner et al., 2002). This would result in the reduction of errors or losses of information. Another concern is the quality of IT supplies. Their durabi lity and portability are crucial (Stoneburner et al., 2002). This is for the reason that a durable resource works effectively, and a portable item can be moved to a new location in case of an emergency.  Nonetheless, critical resources, such as local area networks server (LAN), wide area networks access (WAN), emails, and mainframe access, play important roles in designing a plan for IT components (Pollard Hotho, 2006). In addition, time is an important issue. The rate at which components of IT systems perform their tasks is determined by their initial programs, and would determine the time that would be spent (Pollard Hotho, 2006). Procedures involved in IT resource contingency planning As aforementioned, it is important to plan for any disaster that would arise in any organization. There are certain factors that should be considered before any plan is developed. It is critical to indicate that this research paper would focus on desktop computers and portable systems, servers, websites, LANs, WANs, distributed systems, and mainframes (Pollard Hotho, 2006). It concentrates on ordinary technologies and would play significant roles in supporting contingency potentials (Pollard Hotho, 2006). It is worth to note that when designing and maintaining an effective IT contingency plan, business managers should adopt the approach is discussed below. Development of contingency planning statement policy obligations This statement is indispensable in making stakeholders understand planning obligations. It is usually based on a well-stated policy and should state the overall objectives. Its roles and structure should be developed by all stakeholders (Nelson, Phillips Steuart, 2010).  The roles played by chief information officers are crucial in the success of the plan. They should be engaged when developing the framework, aims, functions and roles of the plan. It is vital to point out that the contingency plan should be in line with guidelines outlined in NIST 800- 34 (Nelson et al., 2010). Some of the features include the scope, preparation requirements, tasks and responsibilities, program of testing and exercise, how to maintain the plan, and how frequent backup would be.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business Impact Analysis (BIA) This is a critical step, and it enables the planning directors to categorize the system needs, development processes, and interrelationships (Nelson et al., 2010). The information obtained is used to identify priorities. This step is useful because it compares particular elements, studying the services that they provide using the obtained data. Moreover, it helps to investigate the effects of interferences on other parts of the system. It engages other steps, such as outlining IT resources, recognizing the consequences of interrupted part, allowing outage period and prioritizing recovery approaches (Nelson et al., 2010). Identification of preventive measures This step aims at mitigating or eliminating impacts, which were identified in the second step (Lentzos Rose, 2009). Arguably, personnel that would be involved in effecting control measures should be well trained in the methods of controlling and when to apply control measures (Lentzos Rose, 2009) . In addition, the type of design of the system should be applied to determine preventive methods. One of the preventive measures is the application of an uninterrupted power supply. This would offer a short-term remedy to all system elements (Lentzos Rose, 2009). Alternative power sources, such as the use of gasoline, would provide long-term backups. Protecting IT equipment from water damage by using plastic tarps and utilizing technical security controls is another preventive measure (Lentzos Rose, 2009). Developing recuperation strategic approaches According to Allen (2005), strategic approaches offer ways of restoring IT operations successfully in case there is service interruption. The methods are expected to focus on addressing the effects identified in the BIA. There should be a variety of strategies to be analyzed before the development of a strategic approach (Allen, 2005). These factors include cost, time, and security (Allen, 2005). The chosen strategy should tackle pos sible effects that would be discovered in the BIA, which should be incorporated into the system during development and executing phases of the life cycle. Methods, such as the service level agreement (SLAs), reductant arrays of independent disks (RAID), UPS, and mirrored systems, among other strategies (Lentzos Rose, 2009). Creating a contingency plan This is the most crucial stage in the process of executing an all-inclusive contingency plan program. It contains duties, responsibilities, teams, and steps in relation to IT system restoration (Allen, 2005). It should outline technical potentials, which would be supportive in the implementation of contingency operations. It should be modified to achieve a firm’s objectives and needs. It is supposed to be balanced and flexible, and be in line with NIST SP 800-34 (Allen, 2005). It is imperative to point out that the IT resource plan in this research consists of five elements, which are supporting information, notification, recov ery, reconstitution, and plan appendices (Allen, 2005). The initiative of the effective operations offers a framework of information, which simplifies the plan, leading to easier ways of understanding, executing, and sustaining the plan (Allen, 2005). Allen (2005) contends that most details that are found in this section help to understand how guidelines and decisions about the plan are adopted. The notification stage is involved in describing the original actions, especially when a system interruption has been detected. Notification of recovery personnel, assessment of system breakdowns, and implementation of the plan are the main activities that take place at this stage (Allen, 2005). At the recovery stage, the focus should be on the measures to implement provisional IT processes, renovating damages of the system, and restoring operational potentials of the original system (Allen, 2005). This will enable it to perform its intended functions. Many activities take place at this leve l, such as provisional manual processing, recuperation, and operation on an alternate system. The activities help IT system to function as it is expected (Allen, 2005). A computer system starts to function normally at the reconstitution stage. However, if it becomes hard to recover the system, most actions at this level would target preparing new facilities that would be important in supporting the system (Allen, 2005). This should be done until the system is tested to find out if it has reverted to normal. Appendices have particular technical, operational, and administrative contingency requirements of the system (Allen, 2005). Personnel contact information and vendor contact information are indicated in the appendices. Plan testing, training, and trying it out This vital feature aims at achieving workable contingency competencies. Testing facilitates identification of plan deficiencies and addressing (Swanson, 2011). Nonetheless, it is helpful in evaluating the ability of improvin g staff for the plan to be executed effectively. Most of the tested areas are coordination among recovery teams, connectivity, and restoration of normal operations, notification methods, and system recovery strategies (Swanson, 2011). Personnel should be trained in relation to their roles. For example, the purpose of teams, the importance of team coordination, methods of reporting, security requirements, and team specifics should be highlighted clearly. Plan maintenance It is worth to note that for a plan to be effective, it must be maintained in a state that reveals its requirements, methods, frameworks, and policies (Nelson et al., 2010). This is due to the fact that IT is dynamic due to transfer of business needs, technology upgrades, and rules in companies. Hence, it is important to review and upgrade computer systems on a regular basis. This should be done as â€Å"part of a firm’s change management process, and it is aimed at ensuring that new data are documented and control measures are adjusted† (Nelson et al., 2010, p. 76 ). There are specific elements that require frequent reviews, such as lists of contacts and personnel. The management should inform all staff about the plan and their roles in implementing it. Revised plans should be distributed, but their copies should be maintained off-sites (Nelson et al., 2010). Recommendations Due to losses incurred during disruption of IT systems, it is important to develop control measures that would mitigate risks that would be involved. In the context of vulnerabilities of computer systems, service providers are required to review their contingency preparedness. First, the management of a company should integrate IT recovery capabilities. As a result, this would recover the data that could be lost if the system would be interrupted. Market participants in the IT sector should make sure that IT continuity preparations are incorporated with continuity arrangements. They should ensure that contin uity arrangements are adopted to ensure effective IT systems during crises.  It is important for IT management teams to retain emergency contact information for their primary corresponding companies. The information contained in files should indicate preparedness strategies, site telephone numbers, and the main administrators’ contacts. It is advisable that IT personnel should occasionally review contact information that is availed to the management. During IT interruptions, staff should concentrate on applying the rules outlined by various groups. Agency management teams should create their contingency policy and planning processes and utilize the features of the preparation cycle. These include preliminary planning, IT impact analysis, an alternative site selection, and recovery strategic approaches. Moreover, the IT management team should conduct risk analysis. This would be vital in understanding the possible causes of interruptions and their effects. Surveys on the ava ilability of alternative sites for the purpose preparedness should be conducted. The focus should on the development of the right goals in relation to emergency preparedness. This would facilitate responses to IT problems. The planning process should be aimed at bringing changes in the IT industry. In addition, all stakeholders should be encouraged to understand the roles played by preparedness and contingency plans and tools applied in the process. Attention should be given to the utilization of the process of contingency, enhancing the quality of the plan. All stakeholders should be accountable and responsible for managing funds that are essential in maintaining the contingency planning process. Planning and emergency responses should be linked. Contingency plans should be adopted, but without preparedness actions, they become less useful. Prioritization of IT resources should be considered. As a result, improved mechanisms should be adopted to support effective planning and prepa redness. Collaboration between the government and private sector would play key roles in implementing contingency planning and preparation. Conclusion In conclusion, IT systems are vulnerable to disruptions, which range from minor to complex interruptions from different sources. However, some of the interruptions can be mitigated, but not eliminated. This is possible through risk assessment and operational solutions. The short-term measures adopted in this paper include changing the location of IT systems to preferred sites. Various steps are involved in the planning process. Each step is characterized by different activities that enhance the effectiveness in the management. The IT resource contingency planning focuses on improving performance outcomes since IT is a basic tool in the management of companies. Firms have increased their output and reduced costs through the application of computer systems. Therefore, key issues should be evaluated before developing the IT resource cont ingency plan. Risk assessment, staff available, software, and hardware are among factors that should be considered. These factors play vital roles in mitigating issues in relation to disruption that could arise in organizations. Despite the challenges of interruptions, companies are encouraged to continue using IT systems in order to thrive in a competitive business world. References Allen, W. H. (2005). Computer forensics. IEEE security privacy, 3(4), 59-62. Cerullo, V., Cerullo, M. J. (2004). Business continuity planning: a comprehensive  approach. Information Systems Management, 21(3), 70-78. Lentzos, F., Rose, N. (2009). Governing insecurity: contingency planning, protection,  resilience. Economy and Society, 38(2), 230-254. Nelson, B., Phillips, A., Steuart, C. (2010). Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Cambridge, MA: Cengage Learning. Pollard, D., Hotho, S. (2006). Crises, scenarios and the strategic  management process. Management Decision, 44(6), 721- 736. Stoneburner, G., Goguen, A., Feringa, A. (2002). Risk management guide for  information technology systems. Nist special publication, 800(30), 800-30. Swanson, M. (2011). Contingency Planning Guide for Federal Information Systems.  New York, NY: DIANE Publishing. This research paper on Procedures Involved in IT Resource Contingency Planning was written and submitted by user Ezra Burch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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I’m shaking violently and uncontrollably in bed and turning bluer every second that passes by. My brain’s craving for oxygen and I start losing brain cells, one after another. I’m shaking even when EMS is loading me on the ambulance. Suddenly, the shaking stops! I feel tired and all I want to do is sleep, but they won’t let me. The nurse sticks a needle in my arm the size of a finger and starts to withdraw some blood and doctors are asking me endless questions. Finally, the questions are over so now I can sleep and sleep is what I did. This is what I have to go through every time I have a seizure. I have had many seizures in my lifetime and each time I have a seizure it is worse than the one before. Yes, I am an epileptic; yet, I am lucky because most of the time my seizures are controlled with medicine. I’m seventeen, epileptic, and a successful senior in high school who likes to volunteer time giving back to the community. I have picked up trash along the highway before, which was very fun with a group of friends. Through my church I’ve helped build a house for Habit for Humanity, made ten church planters for our church centennial banquet, delivered Christmas baskets for the needy, and helped out at a nursing home. It is very important to volunteer because when the time comes and you need help, someone could be there just like you were helping the other person who needed help. As a volunteer and a good student I’ve also found time to get a job. I’ve worked at Sea World in stadium sales for two years. Stadium sales personnel go to all the shows and sell merchandise. We also keep track of everyone’s sales and total them up occasionally for management. This year I’ve sold $60,000 worth of merchandise; I have the highest sales the next highest was only at 25,000. I’m very fortunate we moved to San Antonio so I could work at Sea World. Even though I am living in San Antonio, Texas right now, that... Free Essays on Describe Yourself Free Essays on Describe Yourself I’m shaking violently and uncontrollably in bed and turning bluer every second that passes by. My brain’s craving for oxygen and I start losing brain cells, one after another. I’m shaking even when EMS is loading me on the ambulance. Suddenly, the shaking stops! I feel tired and all I want to do is sleep, but they won’t let me. The nurse sticks a needle in my arm the size of a finger and starts to withdraw some blood and doctors are asking me endless questions. Finally, the questions are over so now I can sleep and sleep is what I did. This is what I have to go through every time I have a seizure. I have had many seizures in my lifetime and each time I have a seizure it is worse than the one before. Yes, I am an epileptic; yet, I am lucky because most of the time my seizures are controlled with medicine. I’m seventeen, epileptic, and a successful senior in high school who likes to volunteer time giving back to the community. I have picked up trash along the highway before, which was very fun with a group of friends. Through my church I’ve helped build a house for Habit for Humanity, made ten church planters for our church centennial banquet, delivered Christmas baskets for the needy, and helped out at a nursing home. It is very important to volunteer because when the time comes and you need help, someone could be there just like you were helping the other person who needed help. As a volunteer and a good student I’ve also found time to get a job. I’ve worked at Sea World in stadium sales for two years. Stadium sales personnel go to all the shows and sell merchandise. We also keep track of everyone’s sales and total them up occasionally for management. This year I’ve sold $60,000 worth of merchandise; I have the highest sales the next highest was only at 25,000. I’m very fortunate we moved to San Antonio so I could work at Sea World. Even though I am living in San Antonio, Texas right now, that...

Sociology - Discuss the argument that the family is in decline Essay

Sociology - Discuss the argument that the family is in decline - Essay Example school of thought contests this view and a third argument states that nothing has changed and that the family unit remains largely unchanged (Gillies, 2003). This paper explores the argument that the family is in decline. Firstly, a definition of family will be provided. Secondly, three theoretical perspectives will be presented in regards to the family being in decline. Finally, a conclusion will synthesize the main points raised in this paper, and provide recommendations for future research. Defining what a family is is a highly contentious issue. In 1949 George Murdock defined a family as a group of people that includes two of both sexes, at least tow of who have a legally sanctioned relationship, and one or more children. This view was upheld by functionalist theorists such as Parsons and Goode (Parsons & Bales 1955, Goode 1963 cited in Levy, Widmer, & Kellerhals, 2002). However, over time the variety of families in industrialised societies has increased dramatically, hence its definition has been modified. Macionis and Plummer (2002) define a family as a social institution that can be found to exist in all societies. The function of the institution being to unite people into a cooperative group, to enable survival and raising of children, socialization of children and a regulation of the sexual activity of the people within the group. The family unit being a social group of two or more people who may be related through blood or marriage, or through adoption or by vir tue of cohabitation or family by choice, and so share in the economic and social responsibilities (Macionis & Plummer, 2002). In 21st globalised society numerous forms of family structure exist: the nuclear family remains, with two parents and children, although the term has been extended to include same sex couples who may not be married; the reconstituted family that combines two one-parent families; single-parent families; and the extended family which may be â€Å"vertical† in that

People can read others' minds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People can read others' minds - Essay Example Is it an inborn psychic ability or being hypersensitive to how others feel and think? Each person has a certain degree of psychic ability, some more than others. People gifted with psychic abilities use the power of the mind and extra sensory perception (ESP) to help them clearly anticipate what is going to happen. They can also channel their energies in reading other people’s minds. Sometimes, this ability can be beneficial for them because they would know how to respond to a person or an event, having had a foreknowledge of that person’s thoughts or the images of details of the event. On the other hand, they absorb negative thoughts or see visions of disastrous events and these readings can upset them too much. Any ordinary person also has natural mind abilities that help him get through some situations, and one of this is being able to discern what other people will say or do. The ability to read minds goes far back to our ancient roots when we managed to feel our way around. This was when communication systems were not as sophisticated. People were easy to read because they were bereft of any hidden agendas that complicated their lives. Technology was very limited and there were no distractions such as the television, internet, etc. and people focused on other people. When they communicated with each other, they gave their full attention. Being so in sync with each other, it was easy to read each other’s minds. Ross Buck, a Communication Sciences professor at the University of Connecticut contends that mind reading has been used by people to â€Å"create and maintain the social order† (Paul: para 8). Hence, people relied on mind reading to keep the harmony between them. How ever, mind reading is not literally just reading the other person’s thoughts. It also takes interpreting his gestures, actions and language. It is difficult to â€Å"mind-read† if one cannot see the other person move and talk. Reading a person becomes

Customer Satisfaction In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Customer Satisfaction In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay The Study mainly reviews and discusses the topic of customer satisfaction and its application to the Hospitality and Tourism industries. Defines the concept and analyzes its importance to services and its importance to serves in general and to hospitality / tourism services in particular. Following a discussion on the dimensions and attributes of satisfaction, lists the main methods of measuring satisfaction and concludes with a review of global and cross-cultural issues that affect satisfaction in hotel industry. Customer satisfaction is the leading decisive factor for determining the quality and standard which is actually delivered to the customer through the product, service or by the accompanying servicing. (Vavra, 1997); Its simply stated, Customer satisfaction is essential for corporate survival Several studies have found that it costs about five times as much in time, money and resources to attract a new customer as it does to retain an existing customer (Neumann, 1995). This creates the challenge of maintaining high levels of service, awareness of customer expectations and improvement in services and product. Hayes states that Knowledge of customer expectations and requirements is essential for two reasons it provides understanding of how the customer defines quality of services and products, and facilitates the development of a customer satisfaction questionnaire (Hayes, 1997, p7). Furthermore, customer satisfaction is recognized as of great importance to all commercial firms because of its influence on repeat purchases and word of mouth recommendations (Berkman and Gilson, 1986). The researcher interest is to carryout a study of customer satisfaction at Express by Holiday Inn, London. Research Problem Customer satisfaction research is not an end into itself. The purpose, of course, in measuring customer satisfaction is to see where a company stands in this regard in the eyes of its customers, thereby enabling service and product improvements which will lead to higher satisfaction level. Satisfaction is not a universal phenomenon and not everyone gets the same satisfaction out of the same hospitality experience. The reason is that customers have different needs, objectives and past experiences that influence their expectation. The results of a customer satisfaction survey need to be evaluated to determine what needs to be improved. Goals should be as specific as possible. Hotels are often challenged on how to best increase guest satisfaction, and how to optimize both price and occupancy. Employee satisfaction, guestroom cleanliness, amenities, appearance, food and services all contribute to customer satisfaction, and increase customer satisfaction is a proven driver of guest retent ion and higher occupancy rates. Understanding customer experience through research is widely recognized as a key factor in improving long-term business performance. Express by Holiday Inn Hotel had a requirement to obtain daily feedback at an individual level by rooms/reception questionnaire in general for its GSTS (Guest satisfaction tracking system). It has to introduce web based questionnaire survey to create an opportunity to built feedback interface for general public to get provided a cost-effective and practical methodology so hotel future guest see the reviews in term of past feedbacks. In the customer arena, we believe that regular, quantitative measurement of customer satisfaction provides a much better lead indicator of future organizational health than profitability of market share change (Tom Peters, Management guru) Objectives of the Study The main objective is to conduct the customer satisfaction and its measurement in the hotel industry with special reference to Express by Holiday Inn Hotel, London. Subsidiary Objectives Analyses of costs demonstrating that customer retention is substantially less expensive than customer acquisition. Customer behaviourists in the area of lodging, restaurant, food services and tourism. Customer satisfaction is a psychological concept. Customer purchase goods and service with pre purchase expectations about anticipated performance. Assessment of satisfaction is made during the service delivery process. Satisfaction is not a universal phenomenon and everyone is not getting the same satisfaction out of the same hospitality experience. Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangibles. Significance of Study Customer Satisfaction measurement (CSM) consists of on two major roles Providing Information Enabling Communication with Customer The initial or primary reason for taking the time to measure customer satisfaction is based on to collect the information. It means that what customers say that need to be done differently or on the other hand to assess how well an organization is currently meeting its customer needs or requirements. But the secondary is not less important function of CSM in hospitality industry that by surveying customers. An organization is emphasis its interest in communicating with its customers. In hotel industry, its always finding out customers needs, pleasures, displeasures and overall well being. Though it is impossible to measure the satisfaction of every single customer needs. The customer satisfaction may different from organization to organization or hotel to hotel. Here we would like to quote Neumann (1995) five objectives suggestions as follows: To get close to the customer Measure continuous improvement To achieve customer driven improvement To measure competitive strengths and weaknesses To link Customer Satisfaction Measurement (CSM) data to internal systems Hypothesis Customer Satisfaction is a psychological concept. Customer purchase goods and services with pre purchase expectations. Assessment of satisfaction is made during the service delivery process. Satisfaction is not Universal phenomenon. Recognition of the employees who contribute to the Customers satisfaction Customer based improvement goals Plans for improving operational variables Incorporation of customer satisfaction skills into employees training programme Measurement and plan for improvement of employee satisfaction Importance of my Study To satisfy each and every customer or to meet his / her expectation every time is not an easy task especially in hotel industry. This work is to investigate and examine the psychology of the customer, their expectations and behaviour. Methodology My methodology of research will be based on experience, day to day operation of the hotel, customer complaint, customer satisfaction standard, theory, hypothesis, observation and confirmation. Universe of the Study The research would be conducted Hotels based in London, utilizing my own experience but the mainly focused on the Customer Satisfaction Measurement. Sample Design My sample will be comprised of the Customer Satisfaction Measurement in Express by Holiday Inn Hotel, London Data Usage In my research I would like to go for primary data collection, secondary data collection, quantitative and qualitative data collection. Tools of data Collection The data collection would include the use of questionnaire, scheduled interviews, guest feedback, and management feedback, guest services track system (GSTS), guest survey, and personal experience along with personal observation. In the questionnaire design, I will use the respondent completes short closed ended questions and long open ended questions. In the interview design, I would like to use personal forms, sharing their experience and work directly with the respondent. In the guest feedback, I would like to get the guest feedback while they are checking out from the hotel, compare their past and current experience. In the management feedback, I would like to get the information from management regarding the standard and complaint level of the guest activities in the hotel. Hypothesis Testing My hypothesis is Customer Satisfaction is a psychological concept. Customer purchase goods and services with pre purchase expectations. Assessment of satisfaction is made during the service delivery process. Satisfaction is not Universal phenomenon. I would like to test this hypothesis with my proper research along with my personal experience with respect to the Customer Satisfaction Measurement theory. Research Design and Timing Feb 2010 In the month of Feb 2010 I will finish my primary data collection (questionnaire, interviews, guest feed back, and management feedback, guest services track system, guest surveys, personal observation and experience) Feb 2010 In the month of Feb I would like to finish my complete data collection and I will systemize the data in the proper form according to the distribution of report. March 2010 In the month of July I would like to finish my final report writing and I will make it ready for the submission at the end of March 2010. Structure of the Report Chapter No 1 : Introduction Chapter No 2 : Literature review Chapter No 3 : Theory base (all theoretical background) Chapter No 4 : Analysis of the findings Chapter No 5 : Discussions Chapter No 6 : Conclusion and Recommendations Monitoring and Evaluation Feb, 2010 by Researcher Feb, 2010 by Supervisor March, 2010 by Researcher March, 2010 by Supervisor Literature Review My literature review comprises of theories, models, customers satisfaction surveys and related information. Brief and summarized form of my most important literature review is given below: Satisfaction Theories: Satisfaction Models: Satisfaction Surveys: Express by Holiday Inn Hotel Experience of Guest Satisfaction: Recently, numerous researchers have attempted to apply CS theories developed by consumer behaviorists in the areas of lodging in order to investigate CS applicability to the hospitality and tourism industries. The majority of these theories are based on cognitive nine distinct theories of customer satisfaction. The majority of these theories are based on cognitive psychology; some have received moderate attention, while other theories have been introduced without any empirical research. The theories include: Expectancy Disconfirmation Assimilation or cognitive dissonance Contrast Assimilation Contrast Equity Attribution Comparison level Generalized negativity Value precept Cognitive state of reward Customer satisfaction can also be defined as satisfaction based on an outcome or a process. Outcome definition of customer satisfaction characterizes satisfaction as the end-state resulting from the experience of consumption. This end state may be a cognitive state of reward, an emotional response to an experience or a comparison of rewards and costs to the anticipated consequences. Vavra also puts forth a definition of customer satisfaction based as a process, emphasizing the perceptual, evaluative and psychological processes contributing to customer satisfaction. In this definition, assessment of satisfaction is made during the service delivery process. Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory Richard Oliver has developed the expectancy disconfirmation theory in 1980. According to his theory, customers purchase goods and services with pre-purchase expectations about anticipated performance. Once the product or service has been purchased and used, outcomes are compared against expectations. When outcome matches expectations, confirmation occurs. On the other hand when there are differences between expectations and outcomes then disconfirmation occurs. Negative disconfirmation occurs when product / service performance is less than expected. Positive disconfirmation occurs when product / service performance is better than expected. Satisfaction is caused by confirmation or positive disconfirmation of consumer expectations, and dissatisfaction is caused by negative disconfirmation of consumer expectations. Basically we may say that Customer satisfaction is a psychological concept that involves the feeling of well-being and pleasure that results from obtaining what one hopes for and expects from an appealing product and/or service. Satisfaction is not a universal phenomenon and not everyone gets the same satisfaction out of the same hospitality experience. The reason is that customers have different needs, objectives and past experiences that influence their expectations. Therefore, it is important to gain a clear idea of the customer needs and objectives that correspond to different kinds of satisfactions. This necessitates the segmentation of the market, because no service or product can offer everyone the same degree of satisfaction. Experience may result from changes in the perception of the actual quality of outcomes received, or from changes in the expectations against which these outcomes are compared. The components of satisfaction Most hospitality experiences are an amalgam of products and services. Therefore it is possible to say that satisfaction with a hospitality experience such as a hotel stay or a restaurant meal is a sum total of satisfactions with the individual elements or attributes of all the products and services that make up the experience. Reuland Model of Satisfaction There is no uniformity of opinion among marketing experts as to the classification of the elements in service encounters. Reuland suggests that hospitality services consist of a harmonious mixture of three elements: The material product in a narrow sense which in the case of a restaurant is the food and beverages; The behavior and attitude of the employees who are responsible for hosting the guest, serving the meal and beverages and who come in direct contact with the guests, The environment, such as the building, the layout, the furnishing, the lighting in the restaurant, etc. Reuland et al. (1985, p. 142) Czepiel Model of Satisfaction On the other hand, Czepiel suggests that satisfaction with a service is a function of satisfaction with two independent elements, the functional element, i.e. the food and beverage in a restaurant, and the performance-delivery element, i.e. the service. To prove the independence of the two elements from each other, the authors claim that restaurant clients are quite capable of having responses to each element that differ one from the other: The service was great, the food poor or conversely. (Czepiel et al) (1985. P. 13) David and Stone Model of Satisfaction Davis and Stone divide the service encounter into two elements: Direct Services Indirect Services For example, direct services may be the actual check-in/check-out process in hotels, while the indirect services include the provision of parking facilities, concierge, public telephones for guests use, etc. (Davis and Stone (1985, p.29) Dimensions of satisfaction In service organizations, the assessment of the quality of a service is made during the actual delivery of the service usually an encounter between the customer and a service contact person. Parasuraman identified the following five generic dimensions of service quality (SERVQUAL) that must be present in the service delivery in order for it to result in customer satisfaction: Reliability the ability to perform the promised services dependably and accurately. Responsiveness the willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Assurance the knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. Empathy the provision of caring, individualized attention to customers, and Tangibles, the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communication materials. The model conceptualizes service quality as a gap between customers expectations (E) and the perception of the service providers performance (P). According to Parasuraman that service quality should be measured by subtracting customers perception scores from customer expectation scores: (Q = P E) The greater the positive score represents the greater the positive amount of service quality or vice versa. The gap that may exist between the customers expected and perceived service is not only a measure of the quality of the service, but is also a determinant of customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Measuring the gap between expected and perceived service is a routine method of utilizing customer feedback. Measuring service quality via customer satisfaction Hayes states that Knowledge of customer expectations and requirements is essential for two reasons: It provides understanding of how the customer defines quality of service and products and facilitates the development of customer satisfaction questionnaires. (Hayes, 1997) Customer satisfaction is recognized as of great importance to all commercial firm because of its influence on repeat purchases and word of mouth recommendation (Berkman and Gilson, 1986). Satisfaction, reinforces positive attitudes towards the brand, leading to a greater likelihood that the same brand will be purchased again, but on the other hand dissatisfaction leads to negative brand attitudes and lessens the likelihood of buying the same brand again (Assael, 1987) Guest Expectation from Express by Holiday Inn Hotel Expectations can be described as a mutable internal standard which is based on a multitude of factors including needs, objectives, past personal or vicarious experiences with the same establishment restaurant, with similar establishments, and the availability of alternatives. To recapitulate what we have established by now is that an individuals satisfaction with outcomes received from a hospitality experience results from a comparison of these outcomes with expectations. Some hotels / restaurant attributes are more likely to earn guest complaints than compliments. Availability of parking, hours of operation, traffic congestion, noise level, and spaciousness of the establishment all appear in the top-ten complaint list. In contrast, guests express appreciation for high performance in some areas, but rarely complain when performance is so-so. The survey results suggest that guest react favorably to a clean neat restaurant, neat employees, ample portions, and responsiveness to complaints. The quality and quantity of service, food quality, helpfulness of the employees, and the prices of drinks, meals and other services appear in both the list of most frequent complaints and the list of the most frequent compliments. Cadotte and Turgeon attribute model of performance Cadotte and Turgeon divided the attributes into the following four categories: Satisfiers Dissatisfiers Critical Neutral Satisfiers were those attributes where unusual performance apparently elicited compliments and satisfaction, but average performance or even the absence of the feature did not cause dissatisfaction or complaints. Large-size food portions, smartly dressed employees, clean and neat restaurants are all examples of a restaurant satisfier. Normal food portions, regularly dressed employees and not so neat restaurants do not cause dissatisfaction. In contrast, large food portions and well-groomed and smartly dressed employees please the restaurant guest. Satisfiers, represent an opportunity to shine, to move ahead of the pack, and to stand out from the crowd Dissatisfiers were more likely to earn a complaint for low performance or absence of a desired feature than anything else. But an operation that exceeds the threshold performance standard apparently will not receive compliments on the attribute. Parking and excessive noise are good examples of dissatisfiers; they have to be provided and maintained at a minimum or sufficient level. But efforts to achieve a higher performance level will not be appreciated by customers nor will it cause them satisfaction. Dissatisfiers particularly require management control to prevent poor performance. Minimum standards should be established, and the focus should be on maintaining these standards. Be as good as your competition, but do not waste resources trying to be better. Critical attributes were capable of eliciting both complaints (dissatisfactions) and compliments (satisfactions), depending on the situation. Quality of service, food quality and helpful attitude of employees ranked high in eliciting both complaints and compliments. Critical factors deserve special attention, because of their potential for both hurting and helping a business. Like dissatisfiers, minimum standards must be set to avoid negative responses to your service. For the critical attributes, the objective is to raise performance beyond the norm Neutral attributes neither received a great number of compliments nor many complaints, therefore probably indicating that they were either not salient to guests or easily brought up to guests standards. Cadotte and Turgeon draw our attention to the fact that the classification of these factors is not permanent but constantly changes. Some dissatisfier type attributes were probably critical at one time. Higher industry standards, though, may have improved performance to the extent that most restaurants are able to meet guest requirements on these factors. For example, in warm climates, the availability of reliable air conditioning in hotels or restaurants was a critical factor; today, with the advent of modern refrigeration technology, all hotels and restaurants in such climates will have it. Having more of it will not satisfy anyone, but when air-conditioning breaks down, suddenly everyone becomes dissatisfied. Resources I would like to use limited resources for my research. I will use internet, complete media library, company visits, interviewing with different guests who are staying in different hotels or regular guests and frequent flyers, news papers, journals, books, telephone and other possible resources which are easily available and easily accessible. Possible outcome of my study I would like to say that my research work on Customer Satisfaction Measurement will bring new turn and increase the satisfaction level in Central Park Hotel Hyde Park, London. More importantly, my study will analysis the guest satisfaction level and will point out the main causes, how to improve and bring the level of customer satisfaction up to the mark. Limitations of the Study My study on Customer Satisfaction Measurement in hotel industry will be limited only as well as on Express by Holiday Inn, London and other Hotels in London.