Ethnic Identity And Racial Identity - 866 Words

Ethnic identity remains one of the most extensively studied topics in the social sciences. The book â€Å"Studying Ethnic Identity† provides insight into the dynamic process that goes into the formation of ethnic-racial identity by psychological researchers. Ethnic and racial identity is a subject that is important to study because it has been associated with positive well-being, psychological distress, and academic attitudes (Rivas-Drake, Syed, et al, 2014; Smith Silva, 2011). Past research has tried to define ethnic identity as a link to one’s own ethnic group (e.g. Latino, African American) (Umana-Taylor et al., 2014). This definition has proven to have its limitations, since it it does not take into account within-group variability that might exist among individuals that feel marginalized from their own ethnic group. Early definitions have failed to acknowledge ethnic identity has a multifaceted and complex construct, which this book discusses. Although several stu dies on ethnic identify have broaden our understanding of outcomes variables after the formation process, there is still limited areas of ethnic identity to investigate. This book has a collection of scientist articles that bring together a diverse collection of approaches, definitions, and measurement strategies to research ethnic identity. Each chapter identifies some of the many ways researchers can use specific frameworks to try to conceptualize and investigate ethnic and racial identity. Each perceptiveShow MoreRelatedRacial Identity And Ethnic Identity863 Words   |  4 PagesPaper One My racial identity and ethnic identity are tied to my everyday experiences as an African American. I identify as African American or black because it’s my culture. I born by two black parents and grew up in a black household. Although I was often told by my parents that I’m black, I would say that the term â€Å"Black† was given to me before I even entered the world. The term â€Å"Black† was given to Africans by Europeans when they took us as slaves to the Americas. Ever since then, the one dropRead MoreRace And Ethnic Identity : Racial Identity1000 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 RACE AND ETHNIC IDENTITY In many perspectives, racial identities mean the differences in appearances of individuals especially with regards to the color of skin. Racial identities are mostly determined genetically or biologically. This includes traits like hair, bone structure color of the eyes etc. In recent times the biological determination of race has been disputed by social scientists who also propounds that races have more fluid social contexts. On the other hand, ethnicity encompassesRead MoreEssay Racial and Ethnic Identity909 Words   |  4 Pages The African, Mexican, and Native persons have all interacted with the Dominant American culture in some magnitude; consequently altering each different group’s racial and ethnic Identity. Throughout the semester, I have discovered that in much literature writers had an ideal perspective on their own identity as well as the identity that the dominant culture influenced them to have. While doing some research I wanted to see what would be a transitional time frame for a person to be un-conditionedRead MoreEthnic And Racial Identity During Adolescence Into Young Adulthood855 Words   |  4 PagesThe peer reviewed article â€Å"Ethnic and Racial Identity During Adolescence into Young Adulthood: An Integrated Conceptualization† is a well written article on the struggle that people of color face when coming face to face with their identity in social situations. Uman a-Taylor, Quintana, Lee, Cross, Rivas-Drake, Schwartz and Seaton (2014) analyzed ethnic and racial identity or ERI and how it relates to important developments and issues from early childhood well on into young adulthood. They workedRead MoreRacial And Ethnic Identity : Racial Prejudice, Racism, And The Harsh Human Nature1306 Words   |  6 Pagespeople’s identity. Most have manifested race as their own and as a unified group. This does not need to be a bad thing. If people can acknowledge their race as an opportunity to learn, think, and grow, they will realize and understand that having a post-racial word would be, in fact, a provocation to their cultural knowledge. The world will never reach a post-racial society because of culture, religion, and the harsh human nature. The world will never be post-racial because of culture. Racial andRead MoreImportance Of Race Ethnicity : An Exploration Of Asian, Black, Latino, And Multiracial Adolescent Identity Essay1047 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 12th, 2015 Dr. Wang Article Critique #1 Importance of race-ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and Multiracial adolescent identity Article source- Charmaraman, L., Grossman, J. M. (2010, April). Importance of race-ethnicity: An exploration of Asian, Black, Latino, and Multiracial adolescent identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(2), 144-151. doi: 10.1037/a0018668 (a) Contextual information about the purpose/intention of this study: Throughout theRead MoreCultural Identity And Ethnic Identity1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe models of cultural identity share most of the same mutual characteristic but the experiences each individual endure in life will have the individual thinking about their belief. The cultural identity is the individuality or feeling of belonging. When thinking about a Native American understanding the racial and ethnic identity of an individual is important part of that individual. Racial and ethnic identity is a contribution to complete understanding the Native American. For some mainlyRead MoreRace Construction Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesEthnology Draft Racial constructions in the United States beyond white and black Race construction in the United States has been socially constructed since the founding of the republic. Racial differences and the development of various ethnic identities have been affected by the rigidity of racial categories in the United States, these include American Indian or Alaskan Native, black or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Asian Pacific Islander, and white. The racial divide in the UnitedRead MoreThe Absolutely True Diary Of A Part Time Indian By Sherman Alexie1131 Words   |  5 Pages2DG-40 December 4th, 2015 Identity Crisis in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Almost all teens experience some sort of an identity crisis. They struggle with finding a clearer sense of themselves. Arnold Spirit Jr., a 14-year-old reservation Indian, faces an identity crisis when he leaves his reservation to go to school in Reardan, a town inhibited by white people. To begin, Arnold moves between different settings, and when he does, there is a change in his identity. Moreover, there is aRead MoreThe concept of identity is a very wide and subjective area. Identities can both be chosen and800 Words   |  4 PagesThe concept of identity is a very wide and subjective area. Identities can both be chosen and given, and are sources of disconnection and connection. Identities are not solely applied to people, but to places too. A places identity can both positively and negatively affect peoples identities. My essay will examine the argument that places can be a source of inclusion and exclusion for specific communities, how identities are constructed and linked to other places and identities are marked and

The Theory Of Leadership Styles - 1649 Words

As time goes on in the ever-changing world of business, bureaucratic practices are modernizing into â€Å"post-bureaucratic† strategies. Originally, the traditional bureaucratic practices used more of a standardized approach. Organizations were very centralized. Bureaucratic employees focused on the task at hand, while post-bureaucratic leaders had compassion and a vision for their work and employees. On that note, there are three classical theories of leadership that have developed with the changing time: trait theories, behavioral theories, and contingency theories. In this analysis, I will be describing the theories, as well as the advantages and disadvantages to each. It is also important to question how the post-bureaucratic leadership strategies have changed since the initial bureaucratic era. I have used work by Colbert, Judge, Choi, and Wang (2012) as well as House and Aditya (1997) to dig deeper into the demographic and psychological attributes of the trait theory. Th e research then transitions into the behavioral theory; I will support the three main behavioral leadership styles with the writings of Lewin, Lippitt, and White (1939); Bolden and Gosling (2006) also show examples of which countries practice the individual behavioral styles. Blake and Mouton (1964) play a role in describing the behavioral theory with a managerial grid demonstrating the growing concern for people and the production. Furthermore, Simpson, Clegg, and Pitsis (2014) introduce the benefits of aShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. While servant leadership and collective leadership theories similarly encompass specific attributes, the collective leadership theory still lack s vision and empowerment. Inversely, at the other extreme of leadership theories is dictatorship. UnlikeRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Styles1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide examples surrounding various leadership theories and leadership styles that sustain the definition of a public leader. First, this paper will provide a definition of a public leader. Next, it determine two leadership theories and two leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Also, this paper will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership theories. Subsequently, it will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership styles. Further, this paper will utilize properRead MoreLeadership Style And Leadership Theory807 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies. The articles penned with the intention of examining the im pact leadership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity, culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizesRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership Styles903 Words   |  4 Pagesphenomenon of leadership is based upon directing, influencing as well as motivating individuals for the purpose of implementing plans as well as running an organization. Leadership styles vary from person to person and is dependent upon the situations that the leader might be faced with (George, Sims, P. Sims, D., 2007). Basically, the leadership styles have been categorized into six types (i.e. commanding, visionary, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching leadership styles). All theseRead MoreThe Theories Of Leadership Styles1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhen developing a template to assess which leadership styles are best suited to mitigate the effects of a decline in financial compensation, it is imperative to understand leadership theory. One of the first pioneers in leadership theory was Kurt Lewin. Kurt Lewin (1890–1947), was a prominent figure in psychology in his generation. He provided a solid foundation to the teachings of organizational development. In many circles he was known as the father of organizational development. He was best knownRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally, leadership is the art or process of influencing followers and subordinates to achieve the organizational goals. It helps an individuals or a group to identify its goals and assists in achieving the stated goals. Because of importance of leadership all kinds of group action, there are considerable number of researches and theories on leadership and many kinds of leadership styles like Greatman theory, power influence, Trait approach, Behavioral, Situational or Co ntingency approaches;Read MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |  4 Pagesbstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. An evaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learnerRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Theories993 Words   |  4 Pagesto the other two leadership styles, I scored next highest in the delegate category and the least amount in the authoritative category. In this paper I will give a comprehensive overview of leadership styles and leadership management theories and how they relate to my style. Lastly, I will discuss my type of work environment, and three key actions or behaviors that I must demonstrate to be a successful leader. Alignment with management and leadership theories Leadership theories include trait, attitudinalRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is known as the process of guiding groups, individuals and an organization in the establishment of goals as well as sustaining those goals. The concept of leadership incorporates a diversity of clarifications, leadership styles and theories. While looking at the leaders around us no matter if it’s our president or place of employment, we often find ourselves questioning exactly why these individuals shine in these positions. This essay will detail my leadership in relations of the transformationalRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team members

Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Industry-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Current Development in the Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Industry. Anwers: Introduction: The essay gives an overview of the current developments in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry and its effect on various industries in the sector. There is also discussion about how the developments are having an impact on my future prospect as I choose to be a part of the industry. Further, there is discussion about the industry specific megatrends and challenges along with a PESTEL analysis mentioned. However, I have also discussed about the expectations of my employer and my futuristic goals. There is also discussion about the professional values, ethics and social responsibility. Moreover, I have done a socio-cultural, personal, managerial and technical competency assessment about myself. The essay also focuses on a professional development plan and SWOT analysis mentioned. The essay concludes by mentioning the performance indicators mentioned in a tabular format. The Big Picture: If I consider the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry worldwide then one can see a wave of challenge that it is experiencing. The main reasons are the change of demands, increasing expectations of patients, decline of the autonomy physician, cost pressures and consolidation amongst those who are providing the service. Therefore, the particular industry must undertake proactive strategies in order to meet the demanding needs of patients and deal with an increasing number of customers. The Healthcare and Pharmaceutical industry should focus primarily on ensuring positive results related to well being, heath and management of illness optimally among the population targeted (Subramoniam, 2014). However compared to the health systems of other countries, Australia has a healthcare system whose results hold a high rank. Therefore, in terms of healthcare efficiency Australia is at the sixth position in 2014 which was a rank higher than 2013. The Healthcare and Pharmaceutical industry occupied the top position of the Better Life Index that is actually a measure of the social, physical and mental well being of the citizens (Stamatakis, Weiler Ioannidis, 2013). Thus, the remarkable standards of the Australian healthcare system will be beneficial in increasing the life expectancy of the people. As per government records, the average life expectancy of men would increase to 95.1 years and women would rise to 96.6 years by 2055. Thus, the policymakers are also aiming at finding ways that will enable Australia to offer world- class services in healthcare. Though spending from the government and societal perspective remains unsustainable for the time being but policymakers are trying all possible means to make the industry a major contributor to the countrys economy. Thus, the Healthcare and Pharmaceutical industry has not only been a major provider of employment but ranks fifth in contributing to Australian GDP. Thus, I can say that the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry in Australia is a major employment provider so there are ample career opportunities for me with a career choice as a pharmacist. Pharmacists are people with expertise in medicine who optimize outcomes related to health and minimize any misadventure related to medication. The growth in the Australian healthcare sector have encouraged many multinational drug companies to have a set up and thereby have an upcoming surge for pharmacist in areas related to drug information, medical training, and regulatory affairs (Spinewine, Fialov, Byrne, 2012). Industry Specific Mega Trends and Challenges: In recent times, there has been a sustained rise in cost to match up with Australias healthcare system. Thus, four megatrends are responsible for the demand and supply drive of healthcare in Australia. These trends are systemic forces responsible for shaping the future of Australian healthcare system. Further, the forces have the power to disrupt existing business and care models putting across various challenges and opportunities for the system (Gassmann, Reepmeyer von 2013). However, the trends are as described as follows: Improving Productivity through Growing Financial Imperative: There has been a long-term rise in the cost of healthcare that collides with current financial needs. Therefore, the accessibility and the width of the heath care services can be limited if it is mismanaged. Combined effort is thus required to modify the health system into an effective delivery model. Prevalence of Disease and Increase Tendency of Ageing The unhealthy lifestyle is responsible in increasing the rate of patients who are chronically ill. As a result, the heath systems are also finding it difficult to adapt to the changing means. Moreover, there is a strain in the public purses as the aged consume more and contribute less. This trend can however be managed through the increase in access of primary care, encouraging coordination in care and self -management and enhancing better care for chronic diseases. The New Consumer and Digital Health With the emergence of technology healthcare has reached unmatchable levels of analysis, automation and connectivity. Heath providers are now introducing common technologies in providing efficiency and quality services. Thus, consumers now have the power of managing their own health more effectively. Personalized Care and Precision Medicine Over the last decade, there has been a lack in the fulfillment of the promise for precision medicine. However, in the coming years, the advances in the disease heterogeneity and diagnostic technologies may lead to an accelerated impact on health outcomes and clinical practice. Challenges: Now if I speak of challenges then the Australian government may have to confront massive challenges in the delivery and funding of healthcare (Almarsdttir, Kaae Traulsen, 2014). The challenges are as follows: The changes in disease patterns and the increasing chronic illness amongst people have proved to be a challenge for the industry. In addition to this, changes in demography also impose a challenge to the healthcare industry. The need to ensure processes that are transparent, comprehensive and efficient for accessing technologies related to health and at the same time increasing cost of advances in medical science is also posing as a challenge to the government. There are constant problems faced with supply and distribution of the health workforce. The quality and safety of the health services remains an unrelenting concern. There has been uncertainty about balancing the private and public sectors and thereby ensure funding. Lack of recognition for further investment in childrens health There has been a lack of urban planning in promoting sustainable and healthy communities. PESTEL Analysis: The introduction of advanced technology, stringent regulatory controls, distribution channels, new advanced offerings, volatility of investors have questioned the survival of the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry thereby making paving way to a competitive environment. To understand the challenges and threats to the industry let us do a PESTEL analysis. Political Factors: Healthcare is becoming a concern globally because it is becoming increasingly expensive and is leading to a burden financially. Therefore, political attention is also increasing on pharmaceutical companies and regulations are becoming more stringent. Therefore, the healthcare and pharmaceutical sector must act proactively in responding and scanning the environmental policies and should make an effort to cling to corporate compliance and philanthropy and ethics related programs (Sharabati Fuqaha, 2014). Economical Factors: The healthcare and pharmaceutical industry has been a victim of mergers and acquisitions and the late 20 th century has been an evidence to it. The affect of these acquisitions has resulted in further research and thereby ensure a huge and comprehensive portfolio of products for the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry at large (Culverhouse Wohlmuth, 2012). Social Factors: Pharmaceutical companies are inclining to corporate social responsibility where they are increasingly addressing environmental and social concerns. I say this because ensuring good heath is a requirement not only socially but also personally. For instance, many healthcare and pharmaceutical industries have moved forward to provide aid to terminally ill patients suffering from AIDS as a social responsibility. Technological Factors: There has been innovation in technology that has directly influenced the pace of the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries (Doucette et al., 2012). The challenge lies in the fact that the industry must adapt itself to the needs of the market. Therefore, spending on research and environment has increased in order to encourage innovation. The healthcare and pharmaceutical industry must also adapt itself in a way so that it one knows it by the technology that it adopts. Environmental Factors: The increasing environmental agenda are making the key stakeholders of the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry more proactive and aware. In this respect, it is important of the healthcare and pharmaceutical companies to check out whether their business and marketing plans are aligning with the environmental issues. Legal Factors: There are also many legislative and regulatory restrictions imposed on the pharmaceutical industry (Irefin, Abdul-Azeez, Tijani, 2012). Countries have encouraged the litigation culture that has influenced the healthcare and pharmaceutical sector. Moreover, the legislative boundaries are also stretched upon by the emergence of the internet where patients demand are more inclined towards including rights for programs related to healthcare. Goals: In future, I want to see myself as a registered pharmacist working as a part of the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry. In Australia, it is very important for the entire pharmacist to do the registration with the Pharmacy Board of Australia (PBA) (Armour et al., 2013).Therefore, the first expectation of my employer is to get myself registered and abide by the code of conduct that forms the base for the ethical framework so that effective delivery of health services ensured. Therefore, at the first place my employer would want me to provide good care that includes working effectively with clients or patients, ensure shared decision making and working in co-ordination with other practitioners. The employer would also expect me to minimize risk, maintain ethical and professional behavior. Similarly, the clients would want me to take proper care of them, share problems, and understand conversation whenever required. My first priority as a pharmacist would be to get registered and work on ethical ground. Other duties are important to take care of. These include focusing on providing service to the patients for their betterment and remain in a position to overcome any adversity. At the same time, I should stay informed about the whereabouts of the company and ensure collaboration with other pharmacist for discussion on various issues. Then again, I look forward to fight any negative change that threatens my profession and undertake initiative for promoting myself. Professional Values, Ethics and Social Responsibility There are certain codes of ethics that I must follow as a pharmacist. According to the Pharmacy Board of Australia the main area of focus for a pharmacist include certain principles that needs to be followed in relation to the consumer and community, pharmacy and profession, business practice and other healthcare professionals (Rosenthal et al., 2016). From the consumer point of view, as a Pharmacist my first priority would be able to recognize the well being and health of the consumer. In addition to this, I must also respect the privacy and dignity of the consumers that includes respecting their individuality, urge for treatment and any confidentiality (Um, 2014). From the community point of view, I must provide service in a manner so that the community does not lose their respect for the profession. As a member of the community, I must ensure that my contribution to the public health is enhanced through use of quality medicines (Lowres et al., 2014). From Professional point of view, my responsibility lies in further advancing the profession through teaching, mentoring students, training staff, interns and colleagues. Along with this, I must have complete knowledge of the practice that I am doing. Moreover, I prefer to work under conditions that will ensure professional independence. From the business point of view, I believe that the practice done ethically and at the same time must take care in collaborating with other professionals for optimum health outcome Socio-cultural and Personal Competence In order to improve my socio-cultural and personal competence I should develop the ability to deal with people from varied cultural backgrounds in a community. Thus, understanding the cultural framework is very important for pharmacist (Mak, 2013). Managerial and Technical Competence With the emergence of internet and advanced technology, it is essential for a pharmacist to have a sound understanding of the technology used in various medical procedures. Moreover, to continue as a pharmacist in the industry, I must have the self- management skills of prioritizing work in an appropriate manner and able to take responsibility. Moreover, I should also understand the management principles of the organization that I wish to work for in future ( Johnson, 2012). Targets for Development Thus, I can improve my socio-cultural competence by developing a proper mindset that not all people come from same backgrounds. Therefore, while practicing I must not forget that cultural diversity will prevail in a community. Moreover, patients who come from different backgrounds possess different beliefs about medications and medical conditions. As a pharmacist, I must initiate a patient centric approach to understand them and make the ambience conducive and trustworthy so that they can speak out their problems (Lim, Z Anderson McGrath, 2012). Now to develop the management and technical competence I should invest certain amount of time to learn the technicalities involved with the operation of various machines that I might require in future. Although, I am punctual and serious about what I do but since I choose to be in a public service profession so I must work on the time management and develop a personality that increases peoples dependence on me. Proposed Professional Development Program In order to be in a profession as a pharmacist, I decide to develop insert certain self- management skills and at the same time ensure that I understand certain complex technicalities that are a result of the modern technology. I plan to work as a pharmacist so my first target would be to get myself registered with the Pharmacist Board of Australia (PAB) and abide by its code of ethics in performance of my work (Mak, 2013). Competencies are a cluster of commitments, skills, knowledge and abilities necessary for effective job performance. The level of competences however determines the extent to which a person is able posses the skill sets, abilities and knowledge for effective performance (Ghanbari, 2012). Currently I possess competencies in six domain that include personal skills, safe and rational use of medicines, ensuring public health, ethical professional practice, supply of medicines, skill set related to the organization. The definition of the competency target is the key contact for the whole organization done with the help of the reporting tool. In the process, the maximum and minimum targets per competency defined by the key contact, which are then tested by means of the assessment procedure (Fernandez et al., 2012). My learning and development plan includes: Through self-analysis, I can take care of self-management skills that I need to work upon for the time being like punctuality and organizing ability However, for the learning the technicalities I need to undergo certain training programs organized by the company in order to have a sound understanding of the concepts. The culturally competent pharmacists make sure that they expand their cultural resources and knowledge through the adoption of various service models so that they can meet various ethnic and racial groups. Figure1: Improving Cultural Competence. Source: (Powell Sears, 2012) Thus, cultural diversity is common phenomenon in a community. Therefore, as a pharmacist it is very necessary to consider the cultural backgrounds of patients while providing care and counselling. SWOT Analysis The SWOT refers to the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats in the profession of pharmacist (Hatah et al., 2012). The analysis is as follows: Strengths A substantial amount of work experience can act as a positive factor in this field as they allow the pharmacist to deal complex situations. An educated and professional with good technical expertise is also a blessing for the community Weakness For a starter, the profession can be quite a challenging task as it deals with public service Then lack of job knowledge can also act as a negative aspect Opportunities Here, since it is necessary to collaborate with other professionals therefore one can strengthen ones network well The professional also allows us to learn certain technical expertise that gives us an option to use it as and when required. Threats There is cutthroat competition in the field; therefore, it is very difficult to make a mark. After a certain experience in the field, there are certain education and training obstacles. Performance Indicators Figure: Performance Indicators Source: (Moullin et al., 2013) Conclusion: The essay concludes by giving a close look at the performance indicators. There is SWOT analyses and personal development plan laid out with stress on various competency.. There is discussion on the goals that I have as a pharmacist and how I plan to develop. Moreover, I have done a PESTEL analysis of the industry chosen and the challenges and megatrends of that industry. There is also a brief overview of the present scenario of the industry and its impact on my profession. References: Almarsdttir, A. B., Kaae, S., Traulsen, J. M. (2014). Opportunities and challenges in social pharmacy and pharmacy practice research. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 10(1), 252-255. Armour, C. L., Reddel, H. K., Lemay, K. S., Saini, B., Smith, L. D., Bosnic-Anticevich, S. Z., ... Stewart, K. (2013). Feasibility and effectiveness of an evidence-based asthma service in Australian community pharmacies: a pragmatic cluster randomized trial. Journal of Asthma, 50(3), 302-309. Culverhouse, S. E., Wohlmuth, H. (2012). Factors affecting pharmacists recommendation of complementary medicinesa qualitative pilot study of Australian pharmacists. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 12(1), 183. Doucette, W. R., Nevins, J. C., Gaither, C., Kreling, D. H., Mott, D. A., Pedersen, C. A., Schommer, J. C. (2012). Organizational factors influencing pharmacy practice change. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 8(4), 274-284. Fernandez, N., Dory, V., Ste?Marie, L. G., Chaput, M., Charlin, B., Boucher, A. (2012). Varying conceptions of competence: an analysis of how health sciences educators define competence. Medical education, 46(4), 357-365. Gassmann, O., Reepmeyer, G., von Zedtwitz, M. (2013). Leading pharmaceutical innovation: Trends and drivers for growth in the pharmaceutical industry. Springer Science Business Media. Ghanbari, S. A. (2012). Competency-based learning. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 668-671). Springer US. Hatah, E., Braund, R., Duffull, S., Tordoff, J. (2012). General practitioners perceptions of pharmacists new services in New Zealand. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 34(2), 364-373. Irefin, I. A., Abdul-Azeez, I. A., Tijani, A. A. (2012). An investigative study of the factors affecting the adoption of information and communication technology in small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(2), 1. Johnson, M., Cowin, L. S., Wilson, I., Young, H. (2012). Professional identity and nursing: contemporary theoretical developments and future research challenges. International nursing review, 59(4), 562-569. Lim, Z., Anderson, C., McGrath, S. (2012). Professional skills development in a resource-poor setting: the case of pharmacy in Malawi. International Journal of Educational Development, 32(5), 654-664. Lowres, N., Neubeck, L., Salkeld, G., Krass, I., McLachlan, A. J., Redfern, J., ... Wallenhorst, C. (2014). Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of stroke prevention through community screening for atrial fibrillation using iPhone ECG in pharmacies. The SEARCH-AF study. Thromb Haemost, 111(6), 1167-76. Mak, V. S., March, G. J., Clark, A., Gilbert, A. L. (2013). Why do Australian registered pharmacists leave the profession? a qualitative study. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 35(1), 129-137. Mak, V. S., March, G. J., Clark, A., Gilbert, A. L. (2013). Why do Australian registered pharmacists leave the profession? a qualitative study. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 35(1), 129-137. Moullin, J. C., Sabater-Hernndez, D., Fernandez-Llimos, F., Benrimoj, S. I. (2013). Defining professional pharmacy services in community pharmacy. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9(6), 989-995. Powell Sears, K. (2012). Improving cultural competence education: the utility of an intersectional framework. Medical Education, 46(6), 545-551. Rosenthal, M., Tsao, N. W., Tsuyuki, R. T., Marra, C. A. (2016). Identifying relationships between the professional culture of pharmacy, pharmacists' personality traits, and the provision of advanced pharmacy services. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 12(1), 56-67. Sharabati, A. A. A., Fuqaha, S. J. (2014). The Impact of Strategic Management on the Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Organizations' Business Performance. International Review of Management and Business Research, 3(2), 668. Spinewine, A., Fialov, D., Byrne, S. (2012). The role of the pharmacist in optimizing pharmacotherapy in older people. Drugs aging, 29(6), 495-510. Stamatakis, E., Weiler, R., Ioannidis, J. (2013). Undue industry influences that distort healthcare research, strategy, expenditure and practice: a review. European journal of clinical investigation, 43(5), 469-475. Subramoniam, A. (2014). Present scenario, challenges and future perspectives in plant based medicine development. Ann. Phytomed, 3(1), 31-36. Um, I. S., Armour, C., Krass, I., Gill, T., Chaar, B. B. (2014). Consumer perspectives about weight management services in a community pharmacy setting in NSW, Australia. Health Expectations, 17(4), 579-592.

Lou Gehrig Essays - New York Yankees Players, Lou Gehrig

Lou Gehrig Lou Gehrig was born and raised in New York City, the son of German immigrant parents. His full name was Henry Louis Gehrig. After graduating from high school, he attended Columbia University where he became a football and baseball star. Lou's father directed him to becoming a pro baseball player. He became sick and needed on operation, but there was no money for doctors and hospital expenses in the family budget, so young Lou quickly capitalized on his baseball skills. He accepted an offer from a scout to sign a contract with the New York Yankees, for $ 1,500 in cash as a bonus. Lou dropped out of college to play in the minor leagues and gain some experience until the Yankees needed him. Gehrig was 22 when he became a big league rookie. He sat on the bench until one day in June in the 1925 season when he finally broke into the Yankees' line up as a first baseman. It happened because the team's veteran first baseman couldn't play because of a sever headache. He stayed first baseman for fourteen seasons, five thousand eighty-two playing days, he played a total of two thousand, one hundred and thirty major league games. It was a record that will never be broken or even equaled. To create that unbelievable endurance, feat, strong and powerful Lou Gehrig nicknamed "The Iron Horse," played in every one of the two thousand, one hundred and thirty consecutive games, even though he was beaned three times, had fingers broken ten times, suffered fractured toes, torn muscles, a wrenched shoulder, a back injury, chipped elbows, and the pain of several lumbago attacks. Yet, in every contest of that incredibly long playing period he played with all the enthusiasm of a kid breaking into the big leagues. During that streak of 2,130 consecutive games "The Iron Horse" performed other astonishing feats. He became the first in the 20th century to hit four consecutive home runs in a nine-inning game. Only he in major-league history hit 23 grand slam home runs for 13 years in a row he drove in one hundred runs, topping 150 RBI's seven times and setting the American League record of 184 runs batted-in during the 1931 season for twelve seasons in a row he hit more than .300, and he made 1,991 runs, scored 1,888 runs, and walked 1,510 times. He won the coveted "Triple Crown" of the majors, the Most Valuable Player award, made 2,721 safe hits for a life time batting average of .340. His magnificent playing helped the Yankees win seven pennants and six World Series championships. Though he had begun in the big leagues as a clumsy, poor-fielding first baseman, "Larruping Lou," as he also came to be known, over came his faults through perseverance, patience, tireless practice and hard work, and blossomed out into a smooth and skillful a first baseman as ever lived. More than all this, though he never was flamboyant nor spectacular, and never sought the headlines, clean-living Gehrig of exemplary habits became an idolized and inspirational hero to many boys throughout America. Ironically, "The Iron Horse," the strongest and most durable big-league player of his time, became a victim of cruel fate. When Gehrig was 36 and still in his prime, he was felled by a mysterious disease that robbed him of his strength, power, and coordination. Puzzled doctors diagnosed this illness as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a form of paralysis affecting the spinal cord. It is now referred to as "Gehrig's disease." On a May afternoon in that 1939 season he benched him self as the Yankees first baseman because he could no longer help his team. He wept when it happened and never played again. On a July 4th afternoon of that memorable season more than 75,000 loyal fans flocked into the vast Yankees' ball park to pay homage to Gehrig and bid him farewell. Although the fabled "Iron Horse" knew that he was dying, he stood at home plate and told the huge hushed throng: "Fans they tell me I've been given a bad break. But I've got wonderful parents, a wife who loves me, and I've played baseball with the greatest teammate a ball player could ever

Ethics in Business Ethics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct

Ethics in Business Ethics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct Ethics in BusinessEthics and Human Resources Ethics commonly refer to the rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct. In the United States, many believe we are currently suffering from an ethics crisis (Ricklets, Robbins Coulter, 1996). Behaviors that were once thought unacceptable lying, cheating, misrepresenting, and covering up mistakes have become in many people's eyes acceptable or necessary practices. Managers profit from illegal use of insider stock information and members of Congress write hundreds of bad checks. Even college students seem to have become caught up in the wave where studies show significant increases in cheating on tests (Robbins et al.). Concern over this perceived decline in ethical standards is being addressed by organizations, and companies are relying on Human Resource (HR) to build an ethical culture. Human Resource departments are creating codes of ethics, introducing ethics training programs and hiring ethics officers. Why is ethics imp ortant to Human Resources? When employees in organizations make decisions to act unethically, they affect not only the company itself, but also its shareholders, employees and customers.Journal of Business EthicsEmployees make a myriad of choices every day in businesses if unethical, they can damage a company's productivity, profits and reputation. Unethical decisions can come in many forms: the employee who conducts personal business on company time to the line worker who fails to report a product flaw just to meet a deadline, and even more serious, the manager who profits from illegal use of insider stock information. All these incidents lack ethics. In most companies today, the competitive advantage rests on the shoulders of its employees. These employees must be trusted to do the right thing, especially when no one is looking. It is up to HR to train, educate and communicate with employees on rights and wrongs...

How an Extended Response Item Can Enhance Learning

How an Extended Response Item Can Enhance Learning Extended response items have traditionally been called essay questions. An extended response item is an open-ended question that begins with some type of prompt. These questions allow students to write a response that arrives at a conclusion based on their specific knowledge of the topic. An extended response item takes considerable time and thought. It requires students not only to give an answer but also to explain the answer with as much in-depth detail as possible. In some cases, students not only have to give an answer and explain the answer, but they also have to show how they arrived at that answer. Teachers love extended response items because they require students to construct an in-depth response that proves mastery or lack thereof. Teachers can then utilize this information to reteach gap concepts or build upon individual student strengths. Extended response items require students to demonstrate a higher depth of knowledge than they would need on a multiple choice item. Guessing is almost completely eliminated with an extended response item.  A student either knows the information well enough to write about it or they do not. Extended response items also are a great way to assess and teach students grammar and writing. Students must be strong writers as an extended response item also tests a students ability to write coherently and grammatically correct. Extended response items require essential critical thinking skills. An essay, in a sense, is a riddle that students can solve using prior knowledge, making connections, and drawing conclusions.  This is an invaluable skill for any student to have. Those who can master it have a better chance of being successful academically.  Any student who can successfully solve problems and craft well-written explanations of their solutions will be at the top of their class.   Extended response items do have their shortcomings. They are not teacher friendly in that they are difficult to construct and score.  Extended response items take a lot of valuable time to develop and grade.  Additionally, they are difficult to score accurately.  It can become difficult for teachers to remain objective when scoring an extended response item. Each student has a completely different response, and teachers must read the entire response looking for evidence that proves mastery. For this reason, teachers must develop an accurate rubric and follow it when scoring any extended response item. An extended response assessment takes more time for students to complete than a multiple choice assessment.  Students must first organize the information and construct a plan before they can actually begin responding to the item.  This time-consuming process can take multiple class periods to complete depending on the specific nature of the item itself. Extended response items can be constructed in more than one way. It can be passage-based, meaning that students are provided with one or more passages on a specific topic. This information can help them formulate a more thoughtful response. The student must utilize evidence from the passages to formulate and validate their response on the extended response item.  The more traditional method is a straightforward, open-ended question on a topic or unit that has been covered in class.  Students are not given a passage to assist them in constructing a response but instead must draw from memory their direct knowledge on the topic. Teachers must remember that formulating a well written extended response is a skill in itself.  Though they can be a great assessment tool, teachers must be prepared to spend the time to teach students how to write a formidable essay.  This is not a skill that comes without hard work.  Teachers must provide students with the multiple skills that are required to write successfully including sentence and paragraph structure, using proper grammar, pre-writing activities, editing, and revising.  Teaching these skills must become part of the expected classroom routine for students to become proficient writers.

Internet of Things-Smart Home Literature review

Internet of Things-Smart Home - Literature review Example uniqueness in home appliances such as security cameras, utility meters, thermostats, Blu-ray players and TVs, rather than a feature for the mass-market. As the world moves into a future where connectivity is pervasive and embedded in virtually every household device, this view will become out-dated. According to many analysts, the future smart home is likely to hold between 15 and 30 connected devices and sensors, all linked through a home network and related to service providers’ systems as well as the internet. The array of connected devices will range from usual household appliances through electric vehicle charging infrastructure and solar panels that consume as well as generate electricity. It is expected that the combined revenues from the home energy management (HEM), home automation and smart metering segments will be worth over $44 billion as at 2016. However, the overall potential of the smart home is expected to be considerably greater as devices from the health, ho me security, and entertainment sectors also become connected (Groupe Speciale Mobile Association [GSMA], 2011). This paper aims to undertake a critical review on the smart home. Precisely, this paper shall undertake a review of the smart home techniques that are currently in use, the communication techniques, and the boards used. This paper shall further review the currently used boards against the Teensy board, Adafruit CC3000 board, and an Arduino board with yun processor. Smart Home is a term used to refer to a residence that utilizes a home controller to integrate the different household automation systems within the residence (Robles & Kim, 2010). According to Levy, Taga, Saadoun & Riegel (2012), the Smart Home market consists of four main segments that include home automation/security, home assistance, home cloud, and e-Health. Levy et al (2012) point out that home automation is the centralization on a unique user interface of five major home systems. These include home utility and

Financial Accounting questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Financial Accounting questions - Essay Example ----- 36 Consolidated Balance Sheet on 1.1.2001 (after acquisition)Blue Verta Group Note Assets: Property, plant & Eq. 150 120 270 Current assets 108 105 213 Goodwill 66 - 66 1 Investment in Verta 210 - - Total 549 Capital and Liabilities Equity Capital of Blue 300 120 300 Retained earnings of Blue 78 60 78 Current Liabilities (90 +45) 90 45 135 Minority interests - 36 2Total 549 Solutions to problems of Consolidation of Accounts Question 5 1. Computation of goodwill: Note 1: Blue's investments in Verta Co 90 Less: 60%... Scenario 3:H owes 60% of voting rights of S which, in turn owns 20% of voting shares of S1. Hence, effectively, H owns 60% of 20% ie 12 % of the voting rights in S1 through indirect holdings. He also owns 20% directly. In Toto, his voting shares are 12 + 20 = 32 % of the total voting shares in S1. It may be said that, barring other circumstances, H cannot exercise majority holdings in S1 in none of the three scenarios mentioned above, since his holdings are not above 50% of the total voting shares. The consolidation of accounts arises in the context of holding companies and its subsidiary companies, including acquired holdings and acquisitions of companies by the parent or holding company. The acquired subsidiaries may be independent units having separate product lines and profit centers for the purpose of management accounting and presentation of company accounts. However, since aspects like inter company sales, dividends and profit allocations become necessary, it becomes necessary for the accounts of the subsidiaries to be merged, or consolidated with that of the holding companies in order to present a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Group on the Balance Sheet date. The reason for consolidation arises because non routine transactions between the holding Company and its acquired subsidiaries need to be smoothened out for stock transfer implications, dividen

New Hires Essay Example for Free

New Hires Essay Introduction Carl Robins, who is a new recruiter for ABC Inc., hired 15 new trainees with the intention to have them start on June 15th. As the start date gets closer, Carl discovers that all the trainees are not prepared to start their employment. Most of them do not have all the paperwork required for employment and none of them have visited the clinic for their mandatory drug screening. Carl needs to contact the new recruits immediately so they can complete all the prerequisites for employment. Also, Carl needs to get in contact with someone for more training on the applicant hire and training process. Background Carl Robins is a new employee with ABC Inc. He has only been with the company for six months and has just experienced his first hiring process. Carl hired 15 new employees thinking they would be able to go through training on June 15th and begin working sometime in July. After Memorial Day, Carl was reviewing all the paperwork for the new hires. He discovered that none of them are ready to start on June 15th. Some of the applicants did not have their applications completely filled out and some of them were missing transcripts, also none of them had their mandatory drug screenings done. Furthermore, all but three of the orientation manuals were missing and he found out that the training room was booked all through June. Key Problems Some of the key problems are that the new hires are not prepared for their start date of June 15th. It is the responsibility of the recruiter that the new hires are completely ready for their start date and have everything they need in order to be successful in the company. The recruiter is responsible for the two main problems. The fact that Carl is a new employee himself  could rationalize the fact that none of the new hires are ready for their orientation start date. Alternatives A recommendation for Carl would be to search around his office for all the missing paperwork as it could have just been misplaced. Also, some of the new hires could have completed the drug screening he just hasn’t seen the results of them yet. However, he should only spend a few hours looking for the missing paperwork as time is running short. Another solution would be for Carl to set back the start date for the new employees since the training room is booked for the whole month of June. This alternative is not recommended however because it will set back the new hires a month; as they will not be able to start until August. Also, Monica is counting on the new employees starting in July. This solution would also be harmful because Carl is still new to the company and having to push the start date back a month because of a few mistakes he made would not look good in management’s eyes. Carl should also remind the new employees of the company’s drug policy and that if any of them were to fail the drug screening their employment would be terminated immediately. Carl could also push back the start date from June to July to give himself more time to prepare the paperwork, also the training room is booked for the entire month of June. He has the option to get in contact with all the recruits and assure that they get all the missing paperwork in and get to the clinic for their mandatory drug test. Not only do the new recruits need to take a drug test but they also need to pass the drug screening in order to be fully hired into the company. Also, Carl waiting until the last minute to review their paperwork added fuel to the fire and only made matters worse for everyone. If he reviewed all the applications ahead of time, it would have given him plenty of time to make sure all the paperwork was put together properly and all the testing was done. With this being Carl’s first time doing the recruiting process for this company; he might not be familiar with the rules and hiring process itself. Carl seems to be the root cause of the new hires not being ready for their start date of June 15th. Proposed Solution Carl should contact all new hires immediately to make sure that all the requirements for the company are met and that all the new hires are prepared  for their start date before it approaches. Monica is really counting on these new recruits beginning their work in July and not just starting their training in July. If the date of orientation had to be pushed back, it would reflect poorly on Carl and he might get in some trouble with management over it. Recommendations Apparently Carl was not clear on all the hiring procedures of a recruiter. It is recommended for Carl to get retrained on the hiring and training process of new recruits. Getting retrained will hopefully ensure that this problem never happens again. It is also recommended that Carl talk to Monica about a new place to hold the orientation because the orientation room is already booked. Him and Monica need to sit down a figure out a place to hold the orientation that would be big enough to fit all 15 new hires. Conclusion In conclusion, careful research has been done on what alternative methods should be taken to ensure Carl get everything completed and ready for the new hires start date. A lot of thinking has gone into this paper and I have attempted to think of every possible solution to Carl’s predicament. It is apparent that Carl may have had too much to deal with for his first time dealing with the recruiting process to effectively complete his duties as a recruiter for the company. Carl should have had a checklist with his and made himself a timeline for when everything had to be completed. It was analyzed that Carl could either push back the date of the orientation to July which is not highly recommended and should only be used as a last resort, or Carl should immediately get in contact with the new recruits and help them get all the paperwork they need ready for the start date. If they can’t drop it off at the office Carl should ensure that it either be faxed or mailed to him before the start date of June 15th. If Carl had a checklist and ensured everything was filled out and completed beforehand he could have done his main job which is finding the best employees for the company.

Maya Angelou and M.F.K. Fisher :: essays research papers

When reading two passages, one by M.F.K. Fisher on the French port of Marseilles and the other by Maya Angelou on the small town of Stamps, I noticed that the passages had some similarities but where entirely different in their effect and the handling of language resources. While Angelou and Fisher organized and constructed their passages similarly, the persona and rhetoric of the authors are opposite.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angelou and Fisher’s styles differ greatly, however, they both used very similar plot structure in which they introduced the common stereotypes of the places they were speaking of, and they shot it down with reality. Angelou speaks of â€Å"harmonious black music drift[ing] like perfume through this precious air† (Angelou, 3) but later on crushes that fantasy with the true â€Å"flesh-real and swollen-belly poor† (Angelou, 5) of the South. In the same manner, Fisher speaks of Marseilles â€Å"reputation as world capital for dope, whores and street violence† (Fisher 6) but later in the passage her states that â€Å"a trip through old Marseilles/ cannot fail to thrill† (Fisher 21, 22). Thus, Fisher and Angelou organized their plot structures in order to have the same effect on the audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the authors’ plot structure may have been similar, their rhetorical structure is far from comparable. Fisher uses more of a discursive structure, in which she is very frank and sarcastic. She casually speaks of â€Å"undesirables throng[ing] the narrow alleys, and sisters of scarlet sit[ting] in the doorways† (Fisher 23) which gives her passage the effect of being an overly sarcastic fabliau which can be found in any editorial page of a newspaper.

Module Five: The Sacraments Essay

Trace the development of the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist from the early church with special reference to how it is understood and celebrated in the Church since the Second Vatican Council. Assignment: 3. Trace the development of the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist from the early church with special reference to how it is understood and celebrated in the Church since the Second Vatican Council. We all have experience of ‘celebration’. When I think of a celebration what comes to mind are the external factors, the cake, candles, and the food. Sometimes we forget the real meaning of celebration, the story behind the festivity. The celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist is where we find our story. This essay will outline the development of the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist from the Early Church, paying particular focus on how the Eucharist is celebrated in the church since the Second Vatican Council. Sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church celebrate something, and that something is to do with God’s love and grace, experienced and related to one’s own story. (CCRS notes). Vatican II’s desire was to restore the sacraments back to the centre of Church life. The earliest celebration of the Eucharist were home Masses (Acts 2:46 says ‘they broke bread at home’) even with small numbers these early Christians were establishing the traditions for the future. There is clear evidence of Christ in the Eucharist. There is clear evidence of his unconditional love. What makes the bread sacred is not magic but the reality of the words. (Huebsch 1989). â€Å"For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you: The Lord Jesus, on the night he was betrayed, took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, â€Å"This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me.† In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, â€Å"This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me.†(Corinthians 11:23-30) The bread and wine for the early Christians was much more than a meal, it was a coming together of the  community of God, each time a reference is made about the bread or the wine it is a reference to the people of God. For Huebsch the early Christians like us today are accepting the whole community of God when receiving communion, all his people with their strengths and weakness. An important development for the celebration of the Eucharist was the movement from the ‘home Mass’ of the very early Church to the Eucharist of the larger p ublic buildings. The large basilicas allowed for processions. Sunday became a holiday, giving more time for Christians to celebrate. Liturgies became longer and more elaborate. In these early days, the celebrant at the liturgy had considerable freedom to compose their own prayers for the Mass. Soon, however, standardisation set in, as the various communities began to adopt the prayers of their more articulate celebrants. (Kellly:1998) In the Fourth century, Constantine’s toleration of Christianity (313) led to its rapid spread throughout the Roman Empire. This led to significant changes in the celebration of the Liturgy. Latin became the standard language of the liturgy. At first, the assemblies met in basilicas later they built and dedicated churches and the clergy grew in numbers. During this era, they began to wear special clerical clothes. The sacrificial aspect of the Eucharist grew in importance, while the meal symbolism faded into the background (Kelly: 1998). This period stressed Christ’s divinity; this led to the people feeling less worthy to approach the Lord. As a result, there was a decline in the reception of communion. Theologians in the Middle Ages debated the meaning of the â€Å"real presence† of Christ in the Eucharistic bread and wine. They used the term transubstantiation to describe the mystery of the bread and wine being changed into Jesus’ risen body and blood. The stress was on the sacrificial nature of the mass. There was a growing sense that the laity were spectators to a drama unfolding on the altar. This led to a feeling that the consecration was the high point of the Mass. Emphasis fell, not on receiving Jesus in communion, but on seeing and adoring the Eucharistic Lord. Since fewer laity were receiving communion, a small round wafer (called host) substituted the traditional loaf of bread. (CCRS notes). As so few were receiving Holy Communion, the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) passed a law that re quired Catholics to receive communion at least once a year. Practices that focused on Eucharistic devotion began to appear. These included Elevation of the Host  and chalice at Mass. The priest had his back to the people, he had to hold the host and chalice up high. People would sometimes call out, â€Å"Hold it higher, priest.† Some were so keen on this practice they would run from one church to another just to be there for the moment of consecration! (O’Deasss 2013) .The Eucharistic prayer was recited silently by the priest except for the words of consecration which were voiced a little louder but not so loud as to be heard by the people because the people couldn’t hear the Eucharistic prayer, and even if they could they would not understand the Latin, many filled in the time by reciting the rosary or other devotional prayers during Mass. (O’Deasss 2013) The sixteenth century brought about the Protestant Reformation. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) met to correct some of the abuses that had crept into the Church. It also defended some Catholic beliefs attacked by the Reformers. In the area of the Eucharist, the church fathers reaffirmed the real presence of Jesus and the adequacy of the theological term, transubstantiation. They also defended the sacrificial nature of the Mass against the Reformers. Most significantly, Pope Pius V published a Roman Missal (1570) to bring uniformity to the official ritual. The Church then used this for the next four hundred years. (CCRS notes) Since the reform of 1570, a lot more was discovered about the Eucharist of the early Church and this enabled Vatican II to restore the liturgy more accurately to the traditions that had been lost. Vatican II’s key document the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (1963) led to the renewal of all the Sacraments. Important changes that we take for granted today include the following; celebrating the Mass in the vernacular language so we can understand more fully what it means; the Liturgy of the Word has greater importance; Guidelines instruct the homilist to develop the homily based on the readings. The Sunday readings revolve around a three-year cycle; this emphasis has helped Catholics discover the scriptures. The altar now faces the people, this invites a clearer understanding of what is going on at the Eucharist, and it also symbolically opens the Mass to fuller participation by all those present. Today’s Mass includes the Prayer of the Faithful, which links the Eucharistic worship to the whole church, the world, and the suffering in the community. Active congregational participation is an important feature of the post-Vatican II liturgy. Before, we commonly spoke of â€Å"attending Mass.† Today, we emphasise, â€Å"celebrating the Eucharist.† The  Mass is not a private affair. It is public worship in which the community, led by the priest, joins in thanking, praising, and adoring God together. The laity assumes many ministerial roles today, for example, as readers, Eucharistic ministers, choir members, greeters, and gift bearers. Vatican II wished to make the Eucharist a celebration of the entire community. Many of the reforms help us better understand the symbolism and meaning of the mass. They also help us gather together as a worshipping community. (Kelly 1998). Pope John Paul 11 mentioned this vital connection when he stated: â€Å"the Eucharist makes the Church and the Church makes the Eucharist.† The council did encourage changes in the liturgy. However, many people have misinterpreted this message and have down played the importance of the Eucharist in the Church and in our personal lives. Some members of the Church will claim that this council stated that the Eucharist is merely a symbol, thus denying the Real Presence. On the contrary, almost every Vatican II document speaks of the Real Presence, and implies that we need to increase our devotion to Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament. â€Å"Really sharing in the body of the Lord in the breaking of the Eucharistic bread, we are taken up into communion with him and with one another.† (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) 1963) This essay has traced the development and celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist from the early Christian Church and has demonstrated that the focus at this time was sharing, participating, celebrating and making a personal connection with God. It has also explained that since the establishment and development of the early Catholic Church, the real meaning of the Eucharist was lost and people no longer felt connected to the sacraments. They were observers in the church rather than taking an active role. Since the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church attempted to involve the people and encourage them to experience Jesus’ real presence through the sacrament. â€Å"In brief, the Eucharist is the sum and summary of our faith. Our way of thinking is attuned to the Eucharist, and the Eucharist in turn confirms our way of thinking.† (1327 Catechism) The celebration of the Eucharist is a call, a call of the risen Christ who continues to give himself to us calling us to his banquet, through this celebration we can participate in our faith more richly. As Pope Benedict  explained so passionately: â€Å"I encourage you all to discover ever more fully in the sacrament of Christ’s sacrificial love† (Paclva 2013). Bibliography Catholic Church. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Geoffrey Chapman.1994. CCRS notes Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) 1963 Good News Bible, Second edition 1994 The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium) 1963 O’Deasss,F: http://theeucharist.wordpress.com/the-author/ Eucharist the basic spiritually, 2013 Huebsch, B: Rethinking the sacraments, London, 1989 Pacliva, M: The Eucharist: A Bible study for Catholics, USA, 2013 Kelly, L: Sacraments Revisited, What do they mean today, 1998

Psychological Assessment and Testing Essay

Several websites that discuss psychological assessment and testing are scattered throughout the Internet. These psychological-based sites help students, experts and ordinary people to discern the basic concepts of psychology and recognize its various functions. One of the functions of psychological assessment and testing websites is to determine and somehow predict and pinpoint the possible psychological problem that an individual experienced. In this paper, two peer reviewed articles from two different websites devoted to psychology will be critically evaluated to illustrate the importance and role of psychological assessment and testing. The first website is www. apa. org, the title of the article is ‘How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? ’ The author of the article is the American Psychological Association. The problem deals specifically to the assessment of ‘older adults’ which are 65 years old and above. The authors list and identify several types of psychopathological assessment for older adults. The identification of the different types of assessment and test regarding the psychopathology in older adults help students, experts and other concerned individual understand the process and the meaning of the said assessments. The group hypothesize that dimensional type (age-based) of analysis is better than categorical type (illness-based) analysis in the case of older adults. The research design they used is a qualitative design. The methodology that they used is historical research wherein they analyze the data from previous works to find a generalization from deduction that can help in understanding the past, present and even future trends regarding the psychopathological assessment in older adults. They conducted their research through a comparison of the different screening measures used for older adults. The authors suggested that the Geriatric Depression Scale is the most useful due to the fact that it is age related, it can assess those who are cognitively impaired since it can either be oral or written and it is not depressive. They compared the BECK Anxiety Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Cage and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric version, the MMPI-2 test, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test. The authors decided to find out which assessment is most applicable and helpful since no standard exist regarding the psychopathological assessment of adults. The second website is www. mental-health-matters. com, the article is entitled ‘Personality and Stress? ’ The author was Gillian Darby, a psychologist and affiliated to Get Mental Help, Inc. The research problem was concerned on the possible relationship between personality and stress. It was important to identify the relationship to help caution those people with a personality prone to stress regarding future problems and help them understand themselves better through stress-management activities. Darby hypothesize that those who posses type ‘A’ personality are more prone to stress. Darby further elaborates that hose with type ‘B’ personality were often less aggressive and are therefore less prone to stress. The research design that was used was a qualitative research. Using this research design, Darby tries to explore the connections that exist between type ‘A’ personality and stress. The methodology that the author used is data analysis to be able to formulate the pattern/s and principle/s involve. Darby used literature review and case study review. The author included a personality test in the article to help readers qualify their personality type. Therefore the article showed the possibility that psychological assessment of personality can affect stress levels which might also lead to stress-related illness such as heart diseases. Both websites and articles proved that indeed the use of psychological assessment and test are helpful and educational. Psychological assessments help individuals to evaluate themselves. Thus, the websites and articles can also be considered as self-help materials. Psychological assessments and testing are in themselves important in understanding oneself and promoting good health and healthy living since. Second Part The article ‘How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? ’ could help medical practitioners or concerned individuals identify the best or most applicable type of assessment for the older adult patient. Most specifically, the group believes that Geriatric Depression Scale is most useful due to its nature which is somehow considerate of the older adult’s psychological state. Nevertheless, whenever these type of assessment might not be applicable, several other test and scales are presented. The article can be helpful in assisting the patient with information regarding the Psychopathology of his illness or problem. The suggestion and study in the article can be treated to be of primary importance to the medical practitioner or attendant upon admission of the patient. In case that the Geriatric Depression Scale is not applicable to the patient, the article mentioned other relevant Psychopathological assessment scales and test. If possible the Geriatric Depression Scale can be use in conjunction with another scale or test to get a better view of the psychopathology of the patient. Particularly, the assessment recommended by the group is ‘most useful’ due to the fact that it tries to focus on the medical cause of the problems by eliminating depressive questions. Geriatric Depression Scale unlike other Psychopathology Scale is not lengthy and can be answered or done orally. This somehow helped the patient minimize the effort and stress that accompanies answering lengthy and technical assessment test. The second article is about ‘Personality and Stress’. In this article, the patient will be asked to answer a questionnaire or personality test which would determine whether he/she has a type â€Å"A† or a type â€Å"B† personality. A person who understands his/her situation and behavior would normally perform better than those who cannot acknowledge or is not aware of his or her behavior and personality. Thus, with the use of the personality test employ in the article, a person is able to check him/her self and the situation. The person might opt to try new types of defense mechanism against stress or the person might want to seek professional advice regarding management of stress. As a common knowledge, stress often times leads to heart diseases. Since the article affirms that people with type â€Å"A† personality are prone to stress, it prompts necessary actions to control or reduce the possibility of heart disease. The person might try low cholesterol diet or engage in regular exercise. According to article, studies revealed that those who has type â€Å"A† personality are less relaxed than those with type â€Å"B†. This shows that the treatment for stress in the two types of personality should also vary. A medical practitioner, a psychologist or a counselor will find it easier to prescribe treatment if the cause of the illness or the source of the illness is identified. A person who has personality problems may not be treated properly with medication alone if the person still receive the same stressors at work or at home (several work load, weather, pets, traffic, etc). In case that the person already has a heart disease, knowing the personality type can help the family and the patient understands the things that can worsen the situation. For instance, a patient can understand himself better and the reason why he felt stress out. The patient might try to avoid the things that made him lose his temper. The counselor can also administer the necessary advice for the patient, since a type â€Å"A† personality is usually aggressive and critical. References: American Psychological Association. ‘How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? ’ Retrieved on January 5, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. apa. org/pi/aging/practitioners/assessment05. html Darby, G. 2007. ‘Personality and Stress’ Retrieved on January 6, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. mental-health-matters. com/articles/article. php? artID=1323

Gender Equality Essays

Gender Equality Essays Gender Equality Essay Gender Equality Essay Workplace In the United States, more than half of the employees in most companies are women. In 40% of families, a woman is the primary source of income. Women, on average, receive more college degrees than men (37% of women have Bachelors degrees compared to 34% of men). Despite all of this, women still somehow earn significantly less than men yearly. In 2013, for every dollar a man made, a woman only earned 77 cents. The wage gap between men and women has barely changed since the 1 sass. According to research, if change continues at the same slow pace as it has done for the past fifty years, it will take almost fifty years-?or until 2058-?for women to finally reach pay parity (Pay Equity and Discrimination). Therefore, the setback is not that females are not educated; the problem enters when parents try to balance work and family, and women usually end up carrying nearly all of the careening responsibilities (Britton, Gender Inequality and Women in the Workplace). Many organizations concerning gender inequality have been founded in order o raise awareness of this ongoing problem. The largest and probably most impacting organization is called He-For-She. This group uses successful people with powerful voices (such as actors/actresses, musicians, etc. ) to bring the problem of gender inequality into the limelight. There are many other associations dealing with gender equality, but none has been as successful as this one. None of the organizations have washed out the entire issue, but they have brought more attention to it. Teenagers are now standing up for heir equality and rights on social media because of these movements for justice. Emma Watson speech for He-For-She acknowledged that the progress toward men and women getting paid the same is moving slowly, but at least its moving. The problem hasnt been solved because it is a large, ongoing dilemma that involves half of the citizens in the Unites States of America. It is almost impossible for one person to come in and somehow make every person, male and female, get paid equally. It is a long process that has recently begun to move in a positive direction faster than it ever has. : If men and women of every age continue to stand up for their equal rights and join the movement organizations like He-For-She and The Institute of Womens Policy Research have started, the problem will continue gaining recognition. As the problem gains awareness, more and more people will start doing something about it. If influential people and teenagers continue joining the movement towards feminism (the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes), the issue of unequal pay in the workplace will be brought to an end sooner than predicted.

Practice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific Details

Practice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific Details AÂ  topic sentence contains the main idea upon which a paragraph is developed. Often it appears at (or near) the beginning of a paragraph, introducing the main idea and suggesting the direction that the paragraph will take. What follows a topic sentence are a number of supporting sentences that develop the main idea with specific details. Practice Excercise Here is an effective topic sentence for a descriptive paragraph: My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped, blond guitar- the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play. This sentence not only identifies the prized belonging (an old, slightly warped, blond guitar) but also suggests why the writer values it (the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play). Some of the sentences below support this topic sentence with specific descriptive details. Others, however, offer information that would be inappropriate in a unified descriptive paragraph. Read the sentences carefully, and then pick out only those that support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details. When youre done, compare your responses with the suggested answers below: It is a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed.My grandparents gave it to me on my thirteenth birthday.I think they bought it at the Music Lovers Shop in Rochester where they used to live.At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key.Although copper strings are much harder on the fingers than nylon strings, they sound much better than the nylon ones.The strings are stretched down a long slim neck.The frets on the neck are tarnished, and the wood has been worn down by years of fingers pressing chords.It was three months before I could even tune the guitar properly, and another few months before I could manage the basic chords.You have to be very patient when first learning how to play the guitar.You should set aside a certain time each day for practice.The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that has been slightly damaged in shipping.A guitar can be awkward to hold, particu larly if it seems bigger than you are, but you need to learn how to hold it properly if youre ever going to play it right. I usually play sitting down because its more comfortable that way.The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.I have a Gibson now and hardly ever play the Madeira any more. Suggested Answers The following sentences support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details: 1. It is a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. 4. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. 6. The strings are stretched down a long slim neck. 7. The frets on the neck are tarnished, and the wood has been worn down by years of fingers pressing chords. 11. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that has been slightly damaged in shipping. 14. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago.

Business Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Planning - Essay Example In this case, the action of the employees is intrinsic for the success of the plan since the type of businessi idea involves a one-on-one conversation with the customers. 3. Fixed prices for renting: considering the state of the industry, owning and renting a car, the business idea is considered strong since the involved customers are made aware of the prices. The prices are fixed since there are less external influences on the prices such as weather. 1. High product pricing: Botflex plans to offer high quality services to the boat owners and the tenants thereby leading to the high product pricing. Because of the need for offsetting the high production cost associated, the business finds it difficult to charge low prices. This acts as a weakness of the company since most of the potential customers are medium income earners. 1. Chance for entry into new market: There are few corporations dealing in the same products thereby presenting an opportunity for entry into new market. The company can establish its critical operation to other new areas because of the higher economies of scale associated with venturing. 2. Collaboration with other companies dealing in the same products: There are many companies which recognize the good reputation held by a company, successful in making people rent ships. This means that there are chances for the company reducing the associated costs through collaborating with other recognizable companies. 1. Escalating prices of boats: The escalating prices bears chances for inefficiencies in the production process of the company considering that the prices of raw material for making boats are on the rise. 2. Trademark infringements: Trademark infringement is just like another threat which usually faces newly established company. The company branding is susceptible to cases of illegal use of trademark especially by the competitors or other newly rising

Describe urban blight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe urban blight - Essay Example The main reason which can be identified for the phenomenon of urban blight includes the neglect from the respective governments of the particular region. Lack of economic support towards the proper maintenance of the areas can also result in the deterioration of the older buildings and portions of the cities. Effects of urban blight can be of high significance. Urban Blight has the possibility of causing hazard to other buildings and also is threatening for the lives of human beings. The buildings in the city with poor conditions are very much prone to fire and also have the high probability of collapsing down at any times which may cause considerable damage to the society. (What is urban blight, n. d). Another significant cause of urban blight can refer to the process of urban renewal scheme, where the government focuses on the development of the cities in areas near to the highways. As a result of such projects they fail to concentrate on the older parts of the city which leads to their deterioration. The increase in tax in The United states property improvement gave rise to the urban Blight in the area. (Soares, et al, p.675, 2011) Shanty town refers to the settlement of people in slums. The presence of shanty town is mostly observed in the developing and the partially developed nations where unequal distribution of wealth prevails. The people in shanty town lead a treacherous life and their primary needs are often not fulfilled. They lack a proper shelter as their dwellings are made up of scrap materials which may collapse easily under any sort of environmental calamity. People living in shanty town lack proper sanitation facility and leads an unhygienic lifestyle (Clark, 2003, p.122). The slums in which they live are generally one room and are shared by many people who make it clumsy and suffocating. There is no facility of electricity in the

Geopolitics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geopolitics of the Middle East - Essay Example The transportation of many tanks of oil and the importation of goods needed by individuals in the regions shows the significance of its waterways. The widespread coastlines evident in the Persian Gulf make allow shipping. This oil-producing region can affect the financial systems of the countries that import oil from it (Zalloi, 2008). This is because; the Persian Gulf can manipulate the prices and quantities of the oil and gases they export. For instance, the US financial system can be affected since the state heavily relies on the energy produced in the Persian Gulf (Zalloi, 2008). Based on the largest percentage of oil reserves in the region, it will still enjoy special consideration (Popiden 2011). This is because; the current development in the world has increased energy consumptions. After a few decades, some of the oil producing regions except the Persian Gulf will cease to produce oil. For instance, United States is the largest energy consumer globally, and after a few years, its oil production will decrease (Popiden 2011). On the contrary, the oil production and exports will increase in the Persian Gulf, and this has made the region acquire special significance in the United States international policy. Hence, the oil reserves in the Persian Gulf are connected with the interests and control of the United States (Zalloi, 2008). Apart from the United States, other developed states like Europe, Japan, and China have invested in the region. This is to enjoy the economic progress of the region (Popiden, 2011). Additionally, they have invested recover the money used to buy oil. The dependence on oil by these developed countries makes Americans interested in controlling the oil exports in the region. Because of its strategic geographical position and its abundant resources, the region has become part of the US national security interest. For example, after the Second World War, the intention of the US has been to dominate the Persian Gulf by controlling

The Role And Task Culture

The Role And Task Culture Employees decide what best they can do and gladly accept the challenge. Every individual is responsible for something has to take responsibity of the work assigned to him. Nowadays in most organizations there is role culture. It is the specialization of employee to a job where they are the best. By having the role culture in an organization, it should increase the productivity. This is a functional structure and it is also a divisional structure. The task culture: The task culture is to put the right people together and then give them a task. This type of culture is teamwork. The people with more knowledge and experience will lead this type of culture in an organization and bring the teams together to work towards the same goal. Decisions are made quickly because people are able to discuss with each other freely. Staff feels motivated because they are allowed to make decisions within their team. This is a matrix structure. The difference between role culture and task culture is that one is individual and the other one is teamwork. In a role culture power comes from the personal position whereas in the task culture the power is derived from the team. 2) There are three main organizational structures: Functional: The first advantage is the specialization where each unit operates as a type of independent with specific role. Employees develop specialized knowledge. They become experts within their functional area. The company will benefit from their expertise and experience over time. Then we have like advantage the Efficiency and Productivity. It is where a worker completes a tasks with a high level of speed and efficiency, which improves productivity. The employees may be highly motivated to advance their careers, which may also make them more productive. The disadvantage is a lack of teamwork where employee may have difficulty working well with other units. And if they have to work with a team it can be a problem where specialized workers can not be agree with others. Difficult Management Control can also be a problem where management can maintain control when the organization expands. If management doesnt control it, the different department can think that they have autonomy. Matrix A Matrix structure organisation contains teams of people created from various sections of the business. These teams will be created for the purposes of a specific project. At every new project there a new team. The advantages of a matrix are that workers are chosen according the needs of the project. Project manager are directly responsible While the disadvantages can be in conflict between teams mate. And if team have lot of independence it can be difficult to monitor them Task B According to John Ivancevich and Michael Mattson, the major factors that influence individual differences are demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitudes and personality. Demographic Factors: The demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. companies prefer persons that belong from good socio economic-background, well educate. Young and dynamic professionals that have good educational and effective communication skills are always in great demand. The demographic factor helps managers to select future candidates for job. Abilities and Skills: The physical capacity of an individual can be the ability. Skill is the ability to act in a way to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. The managers plays vital role in matching the abilities and skills of the employees with the particular job requirement. Perception: It is the process that interprets external environment stimuli. But they are different reasons that can influence the perception of persons. The study of perception plays important role for the managers. It is important for mangers to create the positive work environment so that employees notice them in most favourable way. Employee would perform better within a good environment. Attitude: Attitude is the best way to succeed in life. It is the tendency to respond positively to object, persons or situation. Employees will perform better if they have a positive attitude. They should have the attitude to work with their heart for the company. Job should be a prayer for people. Personality: It is the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual. Heredity, family, society, culture and situation are factors that influence personality. Its the manner to respond in an environment. Personality offers opportunity to understand the persons. It helps them by motivating them for the accomplishment of the organizational goal. Every organisation demands a particular type of behaviour from their employees. All these factors are important. Lets take an example when a company offers a job of helper. The manager should look the physical capacity of the man before employing him. There are many others example we can make. Individual behavior is very important for an organization because if the manager chooses right workers, his workforce will increase. TASK C There are three types of leadership; the autocratic, democratic and the laissez faire. Melanie seems to use the autocratic leadership style. This leadership is characterized by an individual control over all decisions and little contribution from group members. Autocratic leaders naturally make choices based on their own ideas and hardly accept others suggestions. They control the groups. She makes the decision. Melanie is a leader where she doesnt want to hear NO or WHY when she tells what workers have to do. I think an autocratic attitude is good for the organization because when Melanie has to make a decision it is direct. But by having this attitude, the workforce is falling down. She doesnt have direct connection with his employees; she only gives instruction through officers. The communication is only one side. There is not really a relation between workers and Melanie. Workers have lost interest in theirs jobs thats why the labour turnover is high. Furthmore employee fear Melanie. This situation was created by the instauration of a powerfull discipline of work. As we know, employee should have some flexibility of work. Melanie has just run after high productivity, she didnt take care about the condition of her employee. She should have know that automatically if the workers are not happy the productivity would decrease. But Melanie didnt see that this way she had prefer to take new workers than keeping the ancient one. Which has result to a high labour turnover. Having an autocratic leadership is also good because it helps the company to take decision quickly. This kind of leadership is mostly present in most Small medium companies. 2) There is a problem in Melanies department. To change this, as an HR we can use Maslows hierarchy of need model. Abraham Maslow developed where humans have five needs which will fulfill their needs. Humans need begin with needs, which are vital to survive, and then one by one he try to satisfy higher needs. The needs are as follows: Physiological needs Safety needs Relationship needs, Self-esteem needs Self-actualization needs. In order to improve the organizational performance, it is vital that the company recognizes the individual need and provides openings for satisfaction for workers. At Innovative Prods Ltd., the worker works with fear because if they do something wrong they can be fired and also Melanie has establish a high power discipline. It can be result into a poor productivity. The most basic needs for an employee is to have a decent pay so he can live and make his family living. The safety needs to be fulfilled by having a security of work tomorrow. As we know there is a high level of labour turnover. The relationship need is very important because employees should have a direct contact with their boss. They constantly need to know that their boss is counting on them. They should fell valued. But Melanie does not even talk to her employee. She should start interaction with them so that the motivation level can increase. Melanie is proud of her productivity but she doesnt reward her employees and the need of recognition could enable them to have be valued into this company. Melanie should understand and appreciate her labors efforts rather than staying apart from them. To improve motivation: Esteem needs: Management can reward employees on accomplishing and reaching their targets. Or simply increasing their salary. Social needs: management can encourage teamwork Self-actualization needs: the management can propose professions in which the employees skills and competencies are fully utilized. However, Maslows hierarchy has some limitations in this case. For example, the eight workers may not have any safety needs with regards to their work. Herzbergs theory of motivation could be applied to the present case. For instance, a motivator would be to receive feedback on their performance. And then Melanie has to talk to her workforce about their performance.